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Contents

Preface　v

Acknowledgments　ix

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Java　1

1.1　Java As a Programming Platform　1

1.2　The Java “White Paper” Buzzwords　2

1.2.1　Simple　3

1.2.2　Object-Oriented　4

1.2.3　Network-Savvy　4

1.2.4　Robust　5

1.2.5　Secure　5

1.2.6　Architecture-Neutral　6

1.2.7　Portable　7

1.2.8　Interpreted　7

1.2.9　High-Performance　8

1.2.10　Multithreaded　8

1.2.11　Dynamic　8

1.3　Java Applets and the Internet　9

1.4　A Short History of Java　10

1.5　Common Misconceptions about Java　13

Chapter 2: The Java Programming Environment　17

2.1　Installing the Java Development Kit　18

2.1.1　Downloading the JDK　18

2.1.2　Setting the Executable Path　20

2.1.3　Installing the Library Source and Documentation　22

2.1.4　Installing the Core Java Program Examples　23

2.1.5　Navigating the Java Directories　24

2.2　Choosing a Development Environment　24

2.3　Using the Command-Line Tools　25

2.3.1　Troubleshooting Hints　27

2.4　Using an Integrated Development Environment　28

2.4.1　Locating Compilation Errors　32

2.5　Running a Graphical Application　33

2.6　Building and Running Applets　36

Chapter 3: Fundamental Programming Structures in Java　41

3.1　A Simple Java Program　42

3.2　Comments　45

3.3　Data Types　46

3.3.1　Integer Types　47

3.3.2　Floating-Point Types　48

3.3.3　The char Type　49

3.3.4　The boolean Type　51

3.4　Variables　52

3.4.1　Initializing Variables　53

3.4.2　Constants　54

3.5　Operators　55

3.5.1　Increment and Decrement Operators　56

3.5.2　Relational and boolean Operators　57

3.5.3　Bitwise Operators　58

3.5.4　Mathematical Functions and Constants　59

3.5.5　Conversions between Numeric Types　60

3.5.6　Casts　61

3.5.7　Parentheses and Operator Hierarchy　62

3.5.8　Enumerated Types　63

3.6　Strings　64

3.6.1　Substrings　64

3.6.2　Concatenation　64

3.6.3　Strings Are Immutable　65

3.6.4　Testing Strings for Equality　67

3.6.5　Empty and Null Strings　68

3.6.5　Code Points and Code Units　68

3.6.6　The String API　69

3.6.7　Reading the Online API Documentation　72

3.6.8　Building Strings　74

3.7　Input and Output　76

3.7.1　Reading Input　76

3.7.2　Formatting Output　79

3.7.3　File Input and Output　84

3.8　Control Flow　86

3.8.1　Block Scope　86

3.8.2　Conditional Statements　87

3.8.3　Loops　91

3.8.4　Determinate Loops　95

3.8.5　Multiple Selections—The switch Statement　99

3.8.6　Statements That Break Control Flow　102

3.9　Big Numbers　105

3.10　Arrays　107

3.10.1　The “for each” Loop　109

3.10.2　Array Initializers and Anonymous Arrays　110

3.10.3　Array Copying　111

3.10.4　Command-Line Parameters　112

3.10.5　Array Sorting　113

3.10.6　Multidimensional Arrays　116

3.10.7　Ragged Arrays　120

Chapter 4: Objects and Classes　125

4.1　Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming　126

4.1.1　Classes　127

4.1.2　Objects　128

4.1.3　Identifying Classes　129

4.1.4　Relationships between Classes　129

4.2　Using Predefined Classes　132

4.2.1　Objects and Object Variables　132

4.2.2　The GregorianCalendar Class of the Java Library　136

4.2.3　Mutator and Accessor Methods　138

4.3　Defining Your Own Classes　145

4.3.1　An Employee Class　145

4.3.2　Use of Multiple Source Files　148

4.3.3　Dissecting the Employee Class　149

4.3.4　First Steps with Constructors　150

4.3.5　Implicit and Explicit Parameters　152

4.3.6　Benefits of Encapsulation　153

4.3.7　Class-Based Access Privileges　156

4.3.8　Private Methods　156

4.3.9　Final Instance Fields　157

4.4　Static Fields and Methods　157

4.4.1　Static Fields　157

4.4.2　Static Constants　158

4.4.3　Static Methods　159

4.4.4　Factory Methods　161

4.4.5　The main Method　161

4.5　Method Parameters　164

4.6　Object Construction　171

4.6.1　Overloading　171

4.6.2　Default Field Initialization　172

4.6.3　The Constructor with No Arguments　173

4.6.4　Explicit Field Initialization　174

4.6.5　Parameter Names　175

4.6.6　Calling Another Constructor　176

4.6.7　Initialization Blocks　176

4.6.8　Object Destruction and the finalize Method　181

4.7　Packages　182

4.7.1　Class Importation　182

4.7.2　Static Imports　184

4.7.3　Addition of a Class into a Package　185

4.7.4　Package Scope　188

4.8　The Class Path　190

4.8.1　Setting the Class Path　192

4.9　Documentation Comments　193

4.9.1　Comment Insertion　193

4.9.2　Class Comments　194

4.9.3　Method Comments　195

4.9.4　Field Comments　196

4.9.5　General Comments　196

4.9.6　Package and Overview Comments　197

4.9.7　Comment Extraction　198

4.10　Class Design Hints　199

Chapter 5: Inheritance　203

5.1　Classes, Superclasses, and Subclasses　204

5.1.1　Inheritance Hierarchies　212

5.1.2　Polymorphism　213

5.1.3　Dynamic Binding　214

5.1.4　Preventing Inheritance: Final Classes and Methods　217

5.1.5　Casting　218

5.1.6　Abstract Classes　221

5.1.7　Protected Access　227

5.2　Object: The Cosmic Superclass　228

5.2.1　The equals Method　228

5.2.2　Equality Testing and Inheritance　230

5.2.3　The hashCode Method　234

5.2.4　The toString Method　236

5.3　Generic Array Lists　243

5.3.1　Accessing Array List Elements　246

5.3.2　Compatibility between Typed and Raw Array Lists　249

5.4　Object Wrappers and Autoboxing　251

5.5　Methods with a Variable Number of Parameters　254

5.6　Enumeration Classes　256

5.7　Reflection　258

5.7.1　The Class Class　259

5.7.2　A Primer on Catching Exceptions　261

5.7.3　Using Reflection to Analyze the Capabilities of Classes　263

5.7.4　Using Reflection to Analyze Objects at Runtime　269

5.7.5　Using Reflection to Write Generic Array Code　274

5.7.6　Invoking Arbitrary Methods　278

5.8　Design Hints for Inheritance　282

Chapter 6: Interfaces and Inner Classes　285

6.1　Interfaces　286

6.1.1　Properties of Interfaces　292

6.1.2　Interfaces and Abstract Classes　294

6.2　Object Cloning　295

6.3　Interfaces and Callbacks　302

6.4　Inner Classes　305

6.4.1　Use of an Inner Class to Access Object State　307

6.4.2　Special Syntax Rules for Inner Classes　311

6.4.3　Are Inner Classes Useful? Actually Necessary? Secure?　312

6.4.4　Local Inner Classes　315

6.4.5　Accessing final Variables from Outer Methods　315

6.4.6　Anonymous Inner Classes　318

6.4.7　Static Inner Classes　322

6.5　Proxies　326

6.5.1　Properties of Proxy Classes　331

Chapter 7: Graphics Programming　333

7.1　Introducing Swing　334

7.2　Creating a Frame　339

7.3　Positioning a Frame　342

7.3.1　Frame Properties　345

7.3.2　Determining a Good Frame Size　345

7.4　Displaying Information in a Component　350

7.5　Working with 2D Shapes　356

7.6　Using Color　365

7.7　Using Special Fonts for Text　369

7.8　Displaying Images　378

Chapter 8: Event Handling　383

8.1　Basics of Event Handling　383

8.1.1　Example: Handling a Button Click　386

8.1.2　Becoming Comfortable with Inner Classes　391

8.1.3　Creating Listeners Containing a Single Method Call　394

8.1.4　Example: Changing the Look-and-Feel　395

8.1.5　Adapter Classes　399

8.2　Actions　403

8.3　Mouse Events　411

8.4　The AWT Event Hierarchy　419

8.4.1　Semantic and Low-Level Events　421

Chapter 9: User Interface Components with Swing　425

9.1　Swing and the Model-View-Controller Design Pattern　426

9.1.1　Design Patterns　426

9.1.2　The Model-View-Controller Pattern　428

9.1.3　A Model-View-Controller Analysis of Swing Buttons　432

9.2　Introduction to Layout Management　433

9.2.1　Border Layout　437

9.2.2　Grid Layout　439

9.3　Text Input　443

9.3.1　Text Fields　444

9.3.2　Labels and Labeling Components　446

9.3.3　Password Fields　447

java核心基础第九版 9.3.4　Text Areas　448

9.3.5　Scroll Panes　449

9.4　Choice Components　452

9.4.1　Checkboxes　452

9.4.2　Radio Buttons　454

9.4.3　Borders　458

9.4.4　Combo Boxes　462

9.4.5　Sliders　466

9.5　Menus　473

9.5.1　Menu Building　473

9.5.2　Icons in Menu Items　476

9.5.3　Checkbox and Radio Button Menu Items　477

9.5.4　Pop-Up Menus　479

9.5.5　Keyboard Mnemonics and Accelerators　480

9.5.6　Enabling and Disabling Menu Items　483

9.5.7　Toolbars　488

9.5.8　Tooltips　490

9.6　Sophisticated Layout Management　492

9.6.1　The Grid Bag Layout　494

9.6.1.1　The gridx, gridy, gridwidth, and gridheight Parameters　496

9.6.1.2　Weight Fields　496

9.6.1.3　The fill and anchor Parameters　497

9.6.1.4　Padding　497

9.6.1.5　Alternative Method to Specify the gridx, gridy, idwidth,and gridheight Parameters　497

9.6.1.6　A Helper Class to Tame the Grid Bag Constraints　499

9.6.2　Group Layout　505

9.6.3　Using No Layout Manager　516

9.6.4　Custom Layout Managers　516

9.6.5　Traversal Order　521

9.7　Dialog Boxes　522

9.7.1　Option Dialogs　523

9.7.2　Creating Dialogs　533

9.7.3　Data Exchange　538

9.7.4　File Dialogs　545

9.7.5　Color Choosers　557

Chapter 10: Deploying Applications and Applets　565

10.1　JAR Files　566

10.1.1　The Manifest　567

10.1.2　Executable JAR Files　568

10.1.3　Resources　569

10.1.4　Sealing　573

10.2　Java Web Start　574

10.2.1　The Sandbox　578

10.2.2　Signed Code　579

10.2.3　The JNLP API　582

10.3　Applets　591

10.3.1　A Simple Applet　591

10.3.1.1　Converting Applications to Applets　595

10.3.2　The applet HTML Tag and Its Attributes　596

10.3.3　The object Tag　599

10.3.4　Use of Parameters to Pass Information to Applets　600

10.3.5　Accessing Image and Audio Files　606

10.3.6　The Applet Context　607

10.3.6.1　Inter-Applet Communication　608

10.3.6.2　Displaying Items in the Browser　609

10.4　Storage of Application Preferences　610

10.4.1　Property Maps　611

10.4.2　The Preferences API　616

Chapter 11: Exceptions, Assertions, Logging, and Debugging　625

11.1　Dealing with Errors　626

11.1.1　The Classification of Exceptions　628

11.1.2　Declaring Checked Exceptions　630

11.1.3　How to Throw an Exception　632

11.1.4　Creating Exception Classes　634

11.2　Catching Exceptions　635

11.2.1　Catching Multiple Exceptions　637

11.2.2　Rethrowing and Chaining Exceptions　639

11.2.3　The finally Clause　640

11.2.4　The Try-with-Resources Statement　644

11.2.5　Analyzing Stack Trace Elements　646

11.3　Tips for Using Exceptions　649

11.4　Using Assertions　653

11.4.1　Assertion Enabling and Disabling　654

11.4.2　Using Assertions for Parameter Checking　655

11.4.3　Using Assertions for Documenting Assumptions　656

11.5　Logging　657

11.5.1　Basic Logging　658

11.5.2　Advanced Logging　658

11.5.3　Changing the Log Manager Configuration　661

11.5.4　Localization　662

11.5.5　Handlers　663

11.5.6　Filters　667

11.5.7　Formatters　667

11.5.8　A Logging Recipe　668

11.6　Debugging Tips　677

11.7　Tips for Troubleshooting GUI Programs　682

11.7.1　Letting the AWT Robot Do the Work　686

11.8　Using a Debugger　690

Chapter 12: Generic Programming　697

12.1　Why Generic Programming?　698

12.1.1　Who Wants to Be a Generic Programmer?　699

12.2　Defining a Simple Generic Class　700

12.3　Generic Methods　702

12.4　Bounds for Type Variables　704

12.5　Generic Code and the Virtual Machine　706

12.5.1　Translating Generic Expressions　708

12.5.2　Translating Generic Methods　708

12.5.3　Calling Legacy Code　711

12.6　Restrictions and Limitations　712

12.6.1　Type Parameters Cannot Be Instantiated with Primitive Types　712

12.6.2　Runtime Type Inquiry Only Works with Raw Types　712

12.6.3　You Cannot Create Arrays of Parameterized Types　713

12.6.4　Varargs Warnings　713

12.6.5　You Cannot Instantiate Type Variables　715

12.6.6　Type Variables Are Not Valid in Static Contexts of Generic Classes　717

12.6.7　You Cannot Throw or Catch Instances of a Generic Class　717

12.6.7.1　You Can Defeat Checked Exception Checking　718

12.6.8　Beware of Clashes after Erasure　720

12.7　Inheritance Rules for Generic Types　721

12.8　Wildcard Types　723

12.8.1　Supertype Bounds for Wildcards　725

12.8.2　Unbounded Wildcards　728

12.8.3　Wildcard Capture　728

12.9　Reflection and Generics　731

12.9.1　Using Class Parameters for Type Matching　732

12.9.2　Generic Type Information in the Virtual Machine　733

Chapter 13: Collections　741

13.1　Collection Interfaces　741

13.1.1　Separating Collection Interfaces and Implementation　742

13.1.2　Collection and Iterator Interfaces in the Java Library　745

13.1.2.1　Iterators　745

13.1.2.2　Removing Elements　748

13.1.2.3　Generic Utility Methods　748

13.2　Concrete Collections　751

13.2.1　Linked Lists　752

13.2.2　Array Lists　762

13.2.3　Hash Sets　763

13.2.4　Tree Sets　767

13.2.5　Object Comparison　768

13.2.6　Queues and Deques　774

13.2.7　Priority Queues　776

13.2.8　Maps　777

13.2.9　Specialized Set and Map Classes　782

13.2.9.1　Weak Hash Maps　782

13.2.9.2　Linked Hash Sets and Maps　783

13.2.9.3　Enumeration Sets and Maps　785

13.2.9.4　Identity Hash Maps　785

13.3　The Collections Framework　787

13.3.1　Views and Wrappers　792

13.3.1.1　Lightweight Collection Wrappers　793

13.3.1.2　Subranges　794

13.3.1.3　Unmodifiable Views　794

13.3.1.4　Synchronized Views　796

13.3.1.5　Checked Views　796

13.3.1.6　A Note on Optional Operations　797

13.3.2　Bulk Operations　799

13.3.3　Converting between Collections and Arrays　800

13.4　Algorithms　801

13.4.1　Sorting and Shuffling　802

13.4.2　Binary Search　805

13.4.3　Simple Algorithms　806

13.4.4　Writing Your Own Algorithms　808

13.5　Legacy Collections　810

13.5.1　The Hashtable Class　810

13.5.2　Enumerations　810

13.5.3　Property Maps　811

13.5.4　Stacks　812

13.5.5　Bit Sets　813

13.5.5.1　The “Sieve of Eratosthenes” Benchmark　814

Chapter 14: Multithreading　819

14.1　What Are Threads?　820

14.1.1　Using Threads to Give Other Tasks a Chance　827

14.2　Interrupting Threads　833

14.3　Thread States　836

14.3.1　New Threads　836

14.3.2　Runnable Threads　836

14.3.3　Blocked and Waiting Threads　837

14.3.4　Terminated Threads　839

14.4　Thread Properties　839

14.4.1　Thread Priorities　840

14.4.2　Daemon Threads　841

14.4.3　Handlers for Uncaught Exceptions　841

14.5　Synchronization　843

14.5.1　An Example of a Race Condition　843

14.5.2　The Race Condition Explained　848

14.5.3　Lock Objects　850

14.5.4　Condition Objects　854

14.5.5　The synchronized Keyword　859

14.5.6　Synchronized Blocks　864

14.5.7　The Monitor Concept　865

14.5.8　Volatile Fields　866

14.5.9　Final Variables　867

14.5.10　Atomics　868

14.5.11　Deadlocks　868

14.5.12　Thread-Local Variables　871

14.5.13　Lock Testing and Timeouts　873

14.5.14　Read/Write Locks　874

14.5.15　Why the stop and suspend Methods Are Deprecated　875

14.6　Blocking Queues　877

14.7　Thread-Safe Collections　886

14.7.1　Efficient Maps, Sets, and Queues　886

14.7.2　Copy on Write Arrays　888

14.7.3　Older Thread-Safe Collections　888

14.8　Callables and Futures　890

14.9　Executors　895

14.9.1　Thread Pools　896

14.9.2　Scheduled Execution　900

14.9.3　Controlling Groups of Tasks　901

14.9.4　The Fork-Join Framework　902

14.10　Synchronizers　905

14.10.1　Semaphores　906

14.10.2　Countdown Latches　907

14.10.3　Barriers　907

14.10.4　Exchangers　908

14.10.5　Synchronous Queues　908

14.11　Threads and Swing　909

14.11.1　Running Time-Consuming Tasks　910

14.11.2　Using the Swing Worker　915

14.11.3　The Single-Thread Rule　923

Appendix: Java Keywords　925

Index　929