一、简介
在日常开发使用 SpringBoot 框架时,经常有一些配置信息需要放置到配置文件中,我们需要手动读取这些配置到应用中进行一些逻辑,这里整理了一些常用读取配置的方法,简单介绍一下。
1、SpringBoot 中常用读取配置方法
SpringBoot 中常用的读取配置方法有:
- 使用 @Value 注解读取配置
- 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取配置
- 使用 Environment 对象读取配置
- 使用 PropertiesLoaderUtils 工具读取配置
2、@Value 和 @ConfigurationProperties 的区别
| 二者区别 | @ConfigurationProperties | @Value |
|---|---|---|
| 功能 | 批量注入配置文件中的属性 | 一个个指定 |
| 松散绑定(松散语法) | 支持 | 不支持 |
| SpEL | 不支持 | 支持 |
| JSR303数据校验 | 支持 | 不支持 |
| 复杂类型封装 | 支持 | 不支持 |
下面会详细介绍使用各个方法是如何读取配置信息。
二、使用 @Value 读取配置
1、@Value 读取配置参数
application.properties 配置文件内容:
my.name=mydlq my.age=18
讯享网
使用 @Value 读取配置文件
讯享网@Component public class ReadProperties {
@Value("${my.name}") private String name; @Value("${my.age}") private Integer age; }
并且还可以设置一个默认值,放置未从配置文件中读取到该参数:
通过 @Value 读取配置文件 @Component public class ReadProperties {
@Value("${my.name:默认姓名}") private String name; @Value("${my.age:18}") private Integer age; }
2、@Value 给参数设定值
使用 @Value 注解给参数设定值,达到跟“=”号一样的赋值效果:
讯享网@Component public class ReadProperties {
@Value("#{'test value'}") private String value; }
3、@Value 读取系统属性
使用 @Value 注解读取系统环境参数:
@Component public class ReadProperties {
@Value("#{systemProperties['os.name']}") private String systemPropertiesName; }
4、@Value 读取 Bean 的属性
测试用的实体对象:
讯享网@Data public class User{
private String name; private String age; }
使用 @Value 注解读取 Bean 中对象的属性:
@Component public class ReadProperties {
@Bean public User user(){
User user = new User(); user.setName("测试"); user.setAge("18"); return user; } @Value("#{user.name}") private String value; }
5、@Value 使用 SpEL 表达式
在 @Value 注解中可以使用 SpEL 表达式,如下是使用 SpEL 表达式生成随机数:
讯享网@Component public class ReadProperties {
@Value("#{ T(java.lang.Math).random() * 100.0 }") private double random; }
6、@Value 读取 Resource 资源文件
使用 @Value 可以读取资源文件进行一些操作:
@Component public class ReadProperties {
@Value("classpath:application.properties") private Resource resourceFile; public void test(){
// 如果文件存在,就输出文件名称 if(resourceFile.exists()){
System.out.println(resourceFile.getFilename()); } } }
三、使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取配置
1、@ConfigurationProperties 读取配置参数到 String 类型
application.properties 配置文件内容:
讯享网my.name=mydlq
使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:
@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") //配置 prefix 来过滤对应前缀 public class ConfigurationReadConfig {
private String name; public String getName() {
return name; } public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name; } }
注意:使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取配置,则需要配置文件内容中的参数添加统一的前缀,在 @ConfigurationProperties 注解中配置该前缀的值,然后前缀后的属性名要与加 @ConfigurationProperties 注解的类中成员变量名称保持一致。
2、@ConfigurationProperties 读取 List 类型参数
application.properties 配置文件内容:
讯享网my.list[0]=a my.list[1]=b my.list[2]=c
使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:
@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfig {
private List<String> list; public List<String> getList() {
return list; } public void setList(List<String> list) {
this.list = list; } }
3、@ConfigurationProperties 读取 Map 类型参数
application.properties 配置文件内容:
讯享网my.map.name=xiao-li my.map.sex=man my.map.age=20
使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:
@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfig {
private Map<String, String> map; public Map<String, String> getMap() {
return map; } public void setMap(Map<String, String> map) {
this.map = map; } }
4、@ConfigurationProperties 读取 Time 类型参数
application.properties 配置文件内容:
讯享网my.time=20s
使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:
@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfig {
/ * 设置以秒为单位 */ @DurationUnit(ChronoUnit.SECONDS) private Duration time; public Duration getTime() {
return time; } public void setTime(Duration time) {
this.time = time; } }
5、@ConfigurationProperties 读取 DataSize 类型参数
application.properties 配置文件内容:
讯享网my.fileSize=10MB
使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:
@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfig {
/ * 设置以 MB 为单位 */ @DataSizeUnit(DataUnit.MEGABYTES) private DataSize fileSize; public DataSize getFileSize() {
return fileSize; } public void setFileSize(DataSize fileSize) {
this.fileSize = fileSize; } }
6、@ConfigurationProperties 读取 DataSize 类型参数
application.properties 配置文件内容:
讯享网my.fileSize=10MB
使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:
@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfig {
/ * 设置以 MB 为单位 */ @DataSizeUnit(DataUnit.MEGABYTES) private DataSize fileSize; public DataSize getFileSize() {
return fileSize; } public void setFileSize(DataSize fileSize) {
this.fileSize = fileSize; } }
7、@ConfigurationProperties 读取配置参数并进行 Valid 效验
application.properties 配置文件内容:
讯享网my.name=xiao-ming my.age=20
使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:
@Validated // 引入效验注解 @Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfigAndValid {
@NotNull(message = "姓名不能为空") private String name; @Max(value = 20L,message = "年龄不能超过 20 岁") private Integer age; public String getName() {
return name; } public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name; } public Integer getAge() {
return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) {
this.age = age; } }
8、@ConfigurationProperties 读取配置到新建 Spring Bean 中
application.properties 配置文件内容:
讯享网user.name=mydlq user.age=22
User 实体类
import lombok.Data; @Data public class User {
private String name; private Integer age; }
使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置到新建的 Bean 对象中
讯享网@Configuration public class ConfigurationReadObject {
@Bean("user") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "user") public User createUser(){
return new User(); } }
9、从指定配置文件中读取参数
使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解是默认从 application.properties 或者 application.yaml 中读取配置,有时候我们需要将特定的配置放到单独的配置文件中,这时候需要 @PropertySource 与 ConfigurationProperties 配置使用,使用 @PropertySource 注解指定要读取的文件,使用 @ConfigurationProperties 相关属性。
测试文件:
- 测试文件名称:test.txt
- 测试文件编码方式:UTF-8
- 测试文件目录:resources/test.txt
- 测试文件内容:
my.name=mydlq
Java 中配置 @ConfigurationProperties 和 @PropertySource 注解读取对应配置:
讯享网@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:test.txt") public class ConfigurationReadConfig {
private String name; public String getName() {
return name; } public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name; } }
四、使用 Environment 对象读取配置
application.properties 配置文件内容:
my.name=mydlq
使用 Environment 读取配置:
讯享网@Component public class EnvironmentReadConfig {
private String name; @Autowired private Environment environment; public String readConfig(){
name = environment.getProperty("my.name", "默认值"); } }
五、使用 PropertiesLoaderUtils 读取配置
application.properties 配置文件内容:
my.name=mydlq
使用 Environment 读取配置:
讯享网public class PropertiesReadConfig {
private String name; public void readConfig() {
try {
ClassPathResource resource = new ClassPathResource("application.properties"); Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource); name = properties.getProperty("my.name", "默认值"); } catch (IOException e) {
log.error("", e); } } }
六、读取配置文件示例项目
1、Maven 引入相关依赖
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>2.2.2.RELEASE</version> </parent> <groupId>com.aspirecn</groupId> <artifactId>springboot-read-config-example</artifactId> <version>0.0.1</version> <name>springboot-read-config-example</name> <description>Spring Boot Read Config</description> <properties> <java.version>1.8</java.version> </properties> <dependencies> <!--SpringBoot Web 依赖--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <!--用于 SpringBoot 生成配置 metadata 文件--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-configuration-processor</artifactId> <optional>true</optional> </dependency> <!--引入 Lombok 插件,方便操作实体对象--> <dependency> <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId> <artifactId>lombok</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
2、测试的配置文件
application.properties
讯享网 使用多种方法读取 String 参数 my1.name=xiao-ming my1.sex=man my1.age=20 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 Map 参数 my2.map.name=xiao-li my2.map.sex=man my2.map.age=20 使用 @Value 读取 Map 参数 my3.map={name:"xiao-ming",sex:"man",age:"20"} 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 List 参数 my4.list[0]=xiao-li my4.list[1]=man my4.list[2]=20 使用 @Value 读取 List 参数 my5.list=xiao-ming,man,20 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 Time 参数 my6.time=20s 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 DataSize 参数 my7.fileSize=10MB 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取参数并进行 @Valid 效验 my8.name=xiao-ming my8.age=20
3、读取配置的多种方法
(1)、读取 String 配置的 Service
ConfigurationReadString
import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; / * 通过 @PropertySource 指定读取的文件中 String 配置,通过 @ConfigurationProperties 过滤前缀 */ @Data @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my1") public class ConfigurationReadString {
private String name; private String sex; private String age; public String readString(){
return name + "," + sex + "," + age; } }
EnvironmentReadString
讯享网import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.core.env.Environment; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; / * 从环境对象 Environment 中读取 String 配置 */ @Service public class EnvironmentReadString {
@Autowired private Environment environment; public String readString(){
String name = environment.getProperty("my1.name", ""); String sex = environment.getProperty("my1.sex", ""); String age = environment.getProperty("my1.age", "18"); return name + "," + sex + "," + age; } }
PropertiesUtilReadString
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.springframework.core.io.ClassPathResource; import org.springframework.core.io.support.PropertiesLoaderUtils; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.Properties; / * 通过 properties 工具读取 String 配置 */ @Slf4j public class PropertiesUtilReadString {
private PropertiesUtilReadString(){
} public static String readString() {
try {
ClassPathResource resource = new ClassPathResource("application.properties"); Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource); String name = properties.getProperty("my1.name", ""); String sex = properties.getProperty("my1.sex", ""); String age = properties.getProperty("my1.age", "18"); return name + "," + sex + "," + age; } catch (IOException e) {
log.error("", e); } return ""; } }
ValueReadString
讯享网import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; / * 通过 @Value 读取 String 配置 */ @Service public class ValueReadString {
@Value("${my1.name}") private String name; @Value("${my1.sex}") private String sex; @Value("${my1.age:18}") private String age; public String readString() {
return name + "," + sex + "," + age; } }
(2)、读取 List 配置的 Service
ConfigurationReadList
import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; import java.util.List; / * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 方式读取文件中的 List 数据 */ @Data @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my4") public class ConfigurationReadList {
private List<String> list; public String readList() {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); for (String str:list){
builder.append(str).append(","); } // 移除最后的“,”号 builder.delete(builder.length()-1,builder.length()); return builder.toString(); } }
ValueReadList
讯享网import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import java.util.List; / * 通过 @Value 方式读取文件中的 List 数据 */ @Service public class ValueReadList {
@Value("#{'${my5.list}'.split(',')}") private List<String> list; public String readList() {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); for (String str:list){
builder.append(str).append(","); } // 移除最后的“,”号 builder.delete(builder.length()-1,builder.length()); return builder.toString(); } }
(3)、读取 Map 配置的 Service
ConfigurationReadMap
import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; import java.util.Map; / * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 方式读取文件中的 Map 数据 */ @Data @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my2") public class ConfigurationReadMap {
private Map<String,String> map; }
ValueReadMap
讯享网import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import java.util.Map; / * 通过 @Value 方式读取文件中的 Map 数据 */ @Service public class ValueReadMap {
@Value("#{${my3.map}}") private Map<String, String> map; public String readMap(){
return map.get("name") + "," + map.get("sex") + "," + map.get("age"); } }
(4)、读取 Time 的 Service
import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.boot.convert.DurationUnit; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; import java.time.Duration; import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit; / * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 time 参数 */ @Data @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my6") public class ConfigurationReadTime {
/ * 设置以秒为单位 */ @DurationUnit(ChronoUnit.SECONDS) private Duration time; public String readTime() {
return String.valueOf(time.getSeconds()); } }
常见单位如下:
B for bytes KB for kilobytes MB for megabytes GB for gigabytes TB for terabytes
(5)、读取 DataSize 的 Service
讯享网import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.boot.convert.DataSizeUnit; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; import org.springframework.util.unit.DataSize; import org.springframework.util.unit.DataUnit; / * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 time 参数 */ @Data @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my7") public class ConfigurationReadDatasize {
/ * 设置以秒为单位 */ @DataSizeUnit(DataUnit.MEGABYTES) private DataSize fileSize; public String readDatasize() {
return String.valueOf(fileSize.toMegabytes()); } }
常用单位如下:
- ns (纳秒)
- us (微秒)
- ms (毫秒)
- s (秒)
- m (分)
- h (时)
- d (天)
(6)、读取配置并进行 valie 效验的 service
import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated; import javax.validation.constraints.Max; import javax.validation.constraints.NotNull; / * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 读取配置并进行 valid 效验 */ @Data @Validated // 效验注解 @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my8") public class ConfigurationReadConfigAndValid {
@NotNull(message = "姓名不能为空") private String name; @Max(value = 20L,message = "年龄不能超过 20 岁") private Integer age; public String readString() {
return name + "," + age; } }
(7)、读取配置到 Spring Bean 对象中
讯享网import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; / * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 读取到 Spring Bean 对象中 */ @Configuration public class ConfigurationReadObject {
/ * 测试的实体类对象 */ @Data public static class User {
private String name; private Integer age; } / * 读取以 my9 为前缀的参数的值,到新建的对象中 */ @Bean("user") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my9") public User readObjectData(){
return new User(); } }
4、配置测试用的 Controller
(1)、读取 String 的 Controller
import club.mydlq.service.string.*; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; / * 读取 String Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/string") public class ReadStringController {
@Autowired private ValueReadString valueReadConfig; @Autowired private EnvironmentReadString environmentReadConfig; @Autowired private ConfigurationReadString configurationReadConfig; @GetMapping("/value") public String valueReadConfig(){
return valueReadConfig.readString(); } @GetMapping("/env") public String envReadConfig(){
return environmentReadConfig.readString(); } @GetMapping("/util") public String utilReadConfig(){
return PropertiesUtilReadString.readString(); } @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configurationReadConfig(){
return configurationReadConfig.readString(); } }
(2)、读取 List 的 Controller
讯享网import club.mydlq.service.list.ConfigurationReadList; import club.mydlq.service.list.ValueReadList; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; / * 读取 List Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/list") public class ReadListController {
@Autowired private ValueReadList vlueReadList; @Autowired private ConfigurationReadList configurationReadList; @GetMapping("/value") public String valueReadList(){
return vlueReadList.readList(); } @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configReadList(){
return configurationReadList.readList(); } }
(3)、读取 Map 的 Controller
import club.mydlq.service.map.ConfigurationReadMap; import club.mydlq.service.map.ValueReadMap; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; / * 读取 Map Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/map") public class ReadMapController {
@Autowired private ConfigurationReadMap configurationReadMap; @Autowired private ValueReadMap valueReadMap; @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configReadMap(){
return configurationReadMap.getMap().get("name") + "," + configurationReadMap.getMap().get("sex") + "," + configurationReadMap.getMap().get("age"); } @GetMapping("/value") public String valueReadMap(){
return valueReadMap.readMap(); } }
(4)、读取 Time 的 Controller
讯享网import club.mydlq.service.time.ConfigurationReadTime; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; / * 读取 time Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/time") public class ReadTimeController {
@Autowired private ConfigurationReadTime configurationReadTime; @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configReadList(){
return configurationReadTime.readTime(); } }
(5)、读取 Datasize 的 Controller
import club.mydlq.service.datasize.ConfigurationReadDatasize; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; / * 读取 Datasize Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/data") public class ReadDatasizeController {
@Autowired private ConfigurationReadDatasize configurationReadDatasize; @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configReadList(){
return configurationReadDatasize.readDatasize(); } }
(6)、读取 Datasize 的 Controller
讯享网import club.mydlq.service.valid.ConfigurationReadConfigAndValid; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; / * 读取参数进行 valid 效验的 Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/valid") public class ReadValidController {
@Autowired private ConfigurationReadConfigAndValid configurationReadConfigAndValid; @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configReadList(){
return configurationReadConfigAndValid.readString(); } }
(7)、读取参数到 Spring Bean 对象的 Controller
import club.mydlq.service.string.ConfigurationReadObject; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; / * 读取参数到对象 */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/object") public class ReadObjectController {
@Autowired private ConfigurationReadObject.User user; @GetMapping("/value") public Object valueReadConfig(){
return user; } }
5、启动类
讯享网import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; @SpringBootApplication public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } }

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