1. 引言

Mina早期项目名为Coda，2020年品牌重塑为Mina Protocol。

Mina主要特性有：

• 1）保护数据隐私：Mina的zkApp，其智能合约采用了零知识证明，可使用户控制其隐私，仅对外分享其data proof。
• 2）从其它链访问Mina：由于Mina的轻量化设计和Mina zkApp智能合约的链下计算特性。当前在致力于建立Mina和以太坊bridge。未来将构建更多不同链之间的trustless bridge。
• 3）直接与现实世界相连：其它区块链协议无法与网络交互，限制了应用范围和实用性。Mina的zkApp可隐私地与任意网站交互，访问可验证的现实世界数据并在链上使用。因此，开发者可很容易地利用网络数据并将其引入到链上——而不会泄露用户的隐私。
• 4）每个参与者都是一个全节点：传统链变得越来越重，使得需要依赖中间人来允许节点，违背了区块链的去中心化初衷，使网络越来越可能受到51%攻击。Mina的轻量级22KB区块链，意味着任何人都可连接到Peer-to-Peer，像全节点一样验证交易，保证了区块链的强大抗审计性和安全性。
• 5）全球化社区：其它链由强大的生态中间人驱动，而Mina由参与者驱动。我们的包容性社区将全世界的人们团结在一起，对去中心化区块链充满热情。事实上，在过去几年开展的所有项目中，我们拥有最大、最活跃的社区之一。

相关开源代码见：

• https://github.com/MinaProtocol【致力于Mina公链开发，OCaml等语言】
• https://github.com/o1-labs【致力于Mina SDK等生态技术支持，OCaml/JavaScript/Rust等语言】
• https://github.com/ChainSafe/mina-rs【采用Rust语言来实现Mina Protocol】

Mina中的总体数据结构关系如下：

讯享网

1.1 Mina中的交易类型

Mina中的交易类型分为：

• Coinbase交易：给产块者激励和手续费的交易，为内部交易。
• Fee_transfer交易：给snark worker手续费的交易，为内部交易。
• Payment交易：支付交易，为用户交易。
• Delegation交易：委托交易，为用户交易。

let to_preunion (t : Transaction.t) = match t with | Command (Signed_command x) -> `Transaction (Transaction.Command x) | Fee_transfer x -> `Transaction (Fee_transfer x) | Coinbase x -> `Transaction (Coinbase x) | Command (Parties x) -> `Parties x 

1.2 Mina中的区块类型

Mina中的区块类型分为：

• internal transition：为产块者生成的区块。为State transition on full states。
• external transition：为其它产块者生成并传来的区块。为State transition on lite states; sent to other nodes。
• snark transition：为internal transition的子集，Subset of internal transition that is snarked。

对应地有：

• 1）internal transition的结构为：

讯享网(* block.ml： *) type t = { header : Header.Stable.V1.t; body : Body.Stable.V1.t } (* Header： *) type t = { protocol_state : Protocol_state.Value.Stable.V2.t ; protocol_state_proof : Proof.Stable.V2.t [@sexp.opaque] ; delta_block_chain_proof : (* TODO: abstract *) State_hash.Stable.V1.t * State_body_hash.Stable.V1.t list ; current_protocol_version : Protocol_version.Stable.V1.t ; proposed_protocol_version_opt : Protocol_version.Stable.V1.t option ; body_reference : Body_reference.Stable.V1.t (* 当前为对Body的哈希值 *) } (* Body： *) type t = { staged_ledger_diff : Staged_ledger_diff.Stable.V2.t } 

• 2）external transition的结构为：

(* external_transitioin.ml： *) type t = { protocol_state : Protocol_state.Value.Stable.V2.t ; protocol_state_proof : Proof.Stable.V2.t [@sexp.opaque] ; staged_ledger_diff : Staged_ledger_diff.Stable.V2.t ; delta_transition_chain_proof : State_hash.Stable.V1.t * State_body_hash.Stable.V1.t list ; current_protocol_version : Protocol_version.Stable.V1.t ; proposed_protocol_version_opt : Protocol_version.Stable.V1.t option ; mutable validation_callback : Validate_content.t (* 有：type t = unit，主要用作a stub to keep the bin_io for external transition from changing *) } (* 其中validation_callback为enum类型：接受、拒绝、忽略、超时 *) enum ValidationResult { accept @0; reject @1; ignore @2; } (* 在mina_net2/subscription.ml中的handle_and_validate()函数内有： *) match%map Validation_callback.await validation_callback with | Some `Accept -> `Validation_result Accept | Some `Reject -> `Validation_result Reject | Some `Ignore -> `Validation_result Ignore | None -> `Validation_timeout ) 

ChainSafe/mina-rs的结构体定义为：

讯享网pub struct ExternalTransition { 
    /// The blockchain state, including consensus and the ledger pub protocol_state: ProtocolStateV1, /// Proof that the protocol state and entire history of the chain is valid pub protocol_state_proof: ProtocolStateProofV1, /// Diff of the proposed next state of the blockchain pub staged_ledger_diff: StagedLedgerDiffV1, /// Proof that the block was produced within the allotted slot time pub delta_transition_chain_proof: DeltaTransitionChainProof, /// Current protocol version pub current_protocol_version: ProtocolVersionV1, /// Proposed protocol version pub proposed_protocol_version_opt: Option<ProtocolVersionV1>, /// Callback used for validating external transition received over the network. /// This is not actually send over the network but requires a unit type to meet the /// serialization requirements pub validation_callback: (), } 

• 3）snark transition的结构为：

(* snark_transition.ml： *) type ( 'blockchain_state (* 为protocol_state中的一个元素 *) , 'consensus_transition (* consensus/proof_of_stake.ml中赋值为let consensus_transition = block_data.global_slot*) , 'pending_coinbase_update ) t = { blockchain_state : 'blockchain_state ; consensus_transition : 'consensus_transition (* 实际即为global slot *) ; pending_coinbase_update : 'pending_coinbase_update } (* pending_coinbase_update结构为： *) type t = (Action.Stable.V1.t, Amount.Stable.V1.t) Poly.Stable.V1.t (* Action类型有： *) type t = | Update_none | Update_one | Update_two_coinbase_in_first | Update_two_coinbase_in_second 

【通常global slot >= blockchain length ，因为Mina中支持空块。blockchain length为Mina链上的实际非空区块。global slot = epoch * 7140 + slot，即有=15 * 7140+4865。】

1.3 Mina中的角色

2. Mina共识机制

Mina的共识算法为Ouroboros Samisika，是一种provably-secure proof-of-stake (PoS)共识协议 for succinct blockchains。

Ouroboros Samisika是在Cardano Ouroboros proof-of-stake的基础上进行了改进：最大限度地提高了共识包容性。

在Mina链上，所有参与者都充当全节点，任何人都可参与共识并保护区块链。

3. Mina如何实现small blockchain size？

Mina大大减少了每个用户需要下载的数据量。参与者不是从一开始就验证整个链，而是使用递归零知识证明（或zk-SNARK）完全验证网络和交易。节点可以存储小的proof，而不是整个链。而且因为它的大小是一致的，Mina保持可访问性——即使它扩展到许多用户并积累了多年的交易数据。

4. Mina中的zk-SNARKs工作原理

Mina会将整个区块链的状态捕获为一个轻量级快照，并将其发送出去，而不是将链本身发送出去。当网络中的下一个区块被创建时，它会拍摄自身的快照——以区块链上一个状态的快照为背景。这张新的快照将依次用作下一个区块的背景，依此类推。令人惊讶的是，虽然快照可以包含无限量信息的proof，但快照的大小始终保持不变。

5. Mina区块结构

Mina的区块结构主要为：【可将protocol_state看成是传统的区块头，staged_ledger_diff看成是传统的区块body。】

Mina区块内容JSON示例见：

• sample_block_json

详细的参数含义见：

• Ouroboros Samasika Consensus关键参数解析

Mina主网genesis block结构为：

讯享网{ 
    "data":{ 
    "block":{ 
    "blockHeight":1, "canonical":true, "creator":"B62qiy32p8kAKnny8ZFwoMhYpBppM1DWVCqAPBYNcXnsAHhnfAAuXgg", "creatorAccount":{ 
    "publicKey":"B62qiy32p8kAKnny8ZFwoMhYpBppM1DWVCqAPBYNcXnsAHhnfAAuXgg" }, "dateTime":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z", "protocolState":{ 
    "blockchainState":{ 
    "date":"00", "snarkedLedgerHash":"jx7buQVWFLsXTtzRgSxbYcT8EYLS8KCZbLrfDcJxMtyy4thw2Ee", "stagedLedgerHash":"jx7buQVWFLsXTtzRgSxbYcT8EYLS8KCZbLrfDcJxMtyy4thw2Ee", "utcDate":"00" }, "consensusState":{ 
    "blockchainLength":1, "epochCount":0, "minWindowDensity":77, "sub_window_densities":[ 1, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7 ], "lastVrfOutput":"NfThG1r1GxQuhaGLSJWGxcpv24SudtXG4etB0TnGqwg=", "totalCurrency":0039233, "currGlobalSlot":0, "slotSinceGenesis":0, "stakingEpochData":{ 
    "epochLength":1, "ledger":{ 
    "hash":"jx7buQVWFLsXTtzRgSxbYcT8EYLS8KCZbLrfDcJxMtyy4thw2Ee", "totalCurrency":0039300 }, "lockCheckpoint":"3NK2tkzK5spR2sZ7tujjqPksL45M3UUrcA4WhCkeiPtnugyE2x", "seed":"2va9BGv9JrLTtrzZttiEMDYw1Zj6a6EHzXjmP9evHDTG3oEquURA", "startCheckpoint":"3NK2tkzK5spR2sZ7tujjqPksL45M3UUrcA4WhCkeiPtnugyE2x" }, "nextEpochData":{ 
    "epochLength":2, "ledger":{ 
    "hash":"jx7buQVWFLsXTtzRgSxbYcT8EYLS8KCZbLrfDcJxMtyy4thw2Ee", "totalCurrency":0039300 }, "lockCheckpoint":"3NLoKn22eMnyQ7rxh5pxB6vBA3XhSAhhrf7akdqS6HbAKD14Dh1d", "seed":"2vaRh7FQ5wSzmpFReF9gcRKjv48CcJvHs25aqb3SSZiPgHQBy5Dt", "startCheckpoint":"3NK2tkzK5spR2sZ7tujjqPksL45M3UUrcA4WhCkeiPtnugyE2x" }, "hasAncestorInSameCheckpointWindow":true, "block_stake_winner":"B62qiy32p8kAKnny8ZFwoMhYpBppM1DWVCqAPBYNcXnsAHhnfAAuXgg", "block_creator":"B62qiy32p8kAKnny8ZFwoMhYpBppM1DWVCqAPBYNcXnsAHhnfAAuXgg", "coinbase_receiver":"B62qiy32p8kAKnny8ZFwoMhYpBppM1DWVCqAPBYNcXnsAHhnfAAuXgg", "supercharge_coinbase":true, "receivedTime":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z", "snarkFees":"0", "stateHash":"3NKeMoncuHab5ScarV5ViyF16cJPT4taWNSaTLS64Dp67wuXigPZ", "stateHashField":"", "txFees":"0" } } } } } 

Archive节点定义的区块结构为：

module Block = struct type t = { state_hash : State_hash.Stable.Latest.t ; parent_hash : State_hash.Stable.Latest.t ; creator : Public_key.Compressed.Stable.Latest.t ; block_winner : Public_key.Compressed.Stable.Latest.t ; snarked_ledger_hash : Frozen_ledger_hash.Stable.Latest.t ; staking_epoch_data : Mina_base.Epoch_data.Value.Stable.Latest.t ; next_epoch_data : Mina_base.Epoch_data.Value.Stable.Latest.t ; min_window_density : Mina_numbers.Length.Stable.Latest.t ; total_currency : Currency.Amount.Stable.Latest.t ; ledger_hash : Ledger_hash.Stable.Latest.t ; height : Unsigned_extended.UInt32.Stable.Latest.t ; global_slot_since_hard_fork : Mina_numbers.Global_slot.Stable.Latest.t ; global_slot_since_genesis : Mina_numbers.Global_slot.Stable.Latest.t ; timestamp : Block_time.Stable.Latest.t ; user_cmds : User_command.t list ; internal_cmds : Internal_command.t list ; chain_status : Chain_status.t } [@@deriving yojson, equal, bin_io_unversioned] end module User_command = struct (* for `typ` and `status`, a string is enough in any case, there aren't existing string conversions for the original OCaml types The versioned modules in Transaction_hash.Stable don't have yojson functions it would be difficult to add them, so we just use the ones for the top-level Transaction.t *) type t = { sequence_no : int ; typ : string ; fee_payer : Public_key.Compressed.Stable.Latest.t ; source : Public_key.Compressed.Stable.Latest.t ; receiver : Public_key.Compressed.Stable.Latest.t ; fee_token : Token_id.Stable.Latest.t ; token : Token_id.Stable.Latest.t ; nonce : Account.Nonce.Stable.Latest.t ; amount : Currency.Amount.Stable.Latest.t option ; fee : Currency.Fee.Stable.Latest.t ; valid_until : Mina_numbers.Global_slot.Stable.Latest.t option ; memo : Signed_command_memo.Stable.Latest.t ; hash : Transaction_hash.Stable.Latest.t [@to_yojson Transaction_hash.to_yojson] [@of_yojson Transaction_hash.of_yojson] ; status : string ; failure_reason : Transaction_status.Failure.Stable.Latest.t option ; source_balance : Currency.Balance.Stable.Latest.t option ; fee_payer_account_creation_fee_paid : Currency.Amount.Stable.Latest.t option ; fee_payer_balance : Currency.Balance.Stable.Latest.t ; receiver_account_creation_fee_paid : Currency.Amount.Stable.Latest.t option ; receiver_balance : Currency.Balance.Stable.Latest.t option ; created_token : Token_id.Stable.Latest.t option } [@@deriving yojson, equal, bin_io_unversioned] end module Internal_command = struct (* for `typ`, a string is enough no existing string conversion for the original OCaml type *) type t = { sequence_no : int ; secondary_sequence_no : int ; typ : string ; receiver : Public_key.Compressed.Stable.Latest.t ; receiver_account_creation_fee_paid : Currency.Amount.Stable.Latest.t option ; receiver_balance : Currency.Balance.Stable.Latest.t ; fee : Currency.Fee.Stable.Latest.t ; token : Token_id.Stable.Latest.t ; hash : Transaction_hash.Stable.Latest.t [@to_yojson Transaction_hash.to_yojson] [@of_yojson Transaction_hash.of_yojson] } [@@deriving yojson, equal, bin_io_unversioned] end 

5.1 protocol state

Protocol_state：可将该结构看成是区块头，包含了区块中的最重要的信息。
This structure can be thought of like the block header. It contains the most essential information of a block.

目前Mina主网使用的共识参数为：

protocol_ state内相应的OCaml结构体定义为：

讯享网(* protocol_state结构体定义： *) type ('state_hash, 'body) t = { previous_state_hash : 'state_hash; body : 'body } (* protocol_state结构体中body结构体定义： *) type t = ( State_hash.Stable.V1.t , Blockchain_state.Value.Stable.V2.t , Consensus.Data.Consensus_state.Value.Stable.V1.t , Protocol_constants_checked.Value.Stable.V1.t ) Poly.Stable.V1.t val create_value : previous_state_hash:State_hash.t -> genesis_state_hash:State_hash.t -> blockchain_state:Blockchain_state.Value.t -> consensus_state:Consensus.Data.Consensus_state.Value.t -> constants:Protocol_constants_checked.Value.t -> Value.t (* state_hash定义为：*) type t = Field.t module Field = struct include Tick0.Field include Hashable.Make (Tick0.Field) module Bits = Bits.Make_field (Tick0.Field) (Tick0.Bigint) let size_in_triples = Int.((size_in_bits + 2) / 3) end module Make_field (Field : Snarky_backendless.Field_intf.S) (Bigint : Big_int_intf with type field := Field.t) : Bits_intf.S with type t = Field.t = Make_field0 (Field) (Bigint) (struct let bit_length = Field.size_in_bits end) (* blockchain_state结构体定义： *) type ('staged_ledger_hash, 'snarked_ledger_hash, 'local_state, 'time) t = { staged_ledger_hash : 'staged_ledger_hash ; genesis_ledger_hash : 'snarked_ledger_hash ; registers : ('snarked_ledger_hash, unit, 'local_state) Registers.Stable.V1.t ; timestamp : 'time } val create_value : staged_ledger_hash:Staged_ledger_hash.t -> genesis_ledger_hash:Frozen_ledger_hash.t -> registers:(Frozen_ledger_hash.t, unit, Local_state.t) Registers.Stable.V1.t -> timestamp:Block_time.t -> Value.t (* staged_ledger_hash结构体定义为： *) type ('non_snark, 'pending_coinbase_hash) t = { non_snark : 'non_snark ; pending_coinbase_hash : 'pending_coinbase_hash } val pending_coinbase_hash : t -> Pending_coinbase.Hash.t (* Non_snark结构体定义为：*) type t = { ledger_hash : Ledger_hash.Stable.V1.t ; aux_hash : Aux_hash.Stable.V1.t ; pending_coinbase_aux : Pending_coinbase_aux.Stable.V1.t } (* registers结构体定义为： *) type ('ledger, 'pending_coinbase_stack, 'local_state) t = { ledger : 'ledger ; pending_coinbase_stack : 'pending_coinbase_stack ; local_state : 'local_state } (* Local_state结构体定义为 *) type ( 'parties , 'call_stack , 'token_id , 'excess , 'ledger , 'bool , 'comm , 'failure_status_tbl ) t = { parties : 'parties ; call_stack : 'call_stack ; transaction_commitment : 'comm ; full_transaction_commitment : 'comm ; token_id : 'token_id ; excess : 'excess ; ledger : 'ledger ; success : 'bool ; failure_status_tbl : 'failure_status_tbl } 

(* Consensus_state结构体定义为： *) (* We have a list of state hashes. When we extend the blockchain, we see if the previous state should be saved as a checkpoint. This is because we have convenient access to the entire previous protocol state hash. We divide the slots of an epoch into "checkpoint windows": chunks of size [checkpoint_window_size]. The goal is to record the first block in a given window as a check-point if there are any blocks in that window, and zero checkpoints if the window was empty. To that end, we store in each state a bit [checkpoint_window_filled] which is true iff there has already been a state in the history of the given state which is in the same checkpoint window as the given state. *) module Consensus_state = struct module Poly = struct [%%versioned module Stable = struct module V1 = struct type ( 'length , 'vrf_output , 'amount , 'global_slot , 'global_slot_since_genesis , 'staking_epoch_data , 'next_epoch_data , 'bool , 'pk ) t = { blockchain_length : 'length ; epoch_count : 'length ; min_window_density : 'length ; sub_window_densities : 'length list ; last_vrf_output : 'vrf_output ; total_currency : 'amount ; curr_global_slot : 'global_slot ; global_slot_since_genesis : 'global_slot_since_genesis ; staking_epoch_data : 'staking_epoch_data ; next_epoch_data : 'next_epoch_data ; has_ancestor_in_same_checkpoint_window : 'bool ; block_stake_winner : 'pk ; block_creator : 'pk ; coinbase_receiver : 'pk ; supercharge_coinbase : 'bool } [@@deriving sexp, equal, compare, hash, yojson, fields, hlist] end end] end (* consensus constants结构体定义为：*) type ('length, 'time, 'timespan) t = { k : 'length ; delta : 'length ; slots_per_sub_window : 'length ; slots_per_window : 'length ; sub_windows_per_window : 'length ; slots_per_epoch : 'length (* The first slot after the grace period. *) ; grace_period_end : 'length ; checkpoint_window_slots_per_year : 'length ; checkpoint_window_size_in_slots : 'length ; block_window_duration_ms : 'timespan ; slot_duration_ms : 'timespan ; epoch_duration : 'timespan ; delta_duration : 'timespan ; genesis_state_timestamp : 'time } 

protocol state中包含：

• 1）previous_state_hash：为Commitment to previous block (hash of previous protocol state hash and body hash)，如“3NLKJLNbD7rBAbGdjZz3tfNBPYxUJJaLmwCP9jMKR65KSz4RKV6b”。
• 2）body：
  • 2.1）genesis_state_hash：为对应genesis protocol state的哈希值（用于硬分叉），如“3NLqscU3JrErHUiBs4ipxqvn49uiwC2FdzfPCg61huBMXcDXNRvq”。
  • 2.2）blockchain_state：ledger相关state
    • 2.2.1）staged_ledger_hash：

    讯享网"staged_ledger_hash":{ 
            "non_snark":{ 
            "ledger_hash":"jww8oCgvdNPZujYVLh1oHyCzMupX5DeGBeavb7C8YEUbeZu7UUN", "aux_hash":"VJDsgppyZcz9CK8cFT23QXTfQiujCesL2uUnfktubQzqWjr6PL", "pending_coinbase_aux":"XH9htC21tQMDKM6hhATkQjecZPRUGpofWATXPkjB5QKxpTBv7H" }, "pending_coinbase_hash":"2n2Dr16Ft9cgknFUfVFXpcq6gE3rWoW5jtgAW5SDduE2am98kRSE" }, 

    • 2.2.2）genesis_ledger_hash：如"jxRZMzMSPVEMJ9wE4yqKEwQqVS3KZfDewHLYCC9aeqdig68Trco"。
    • 2.2.3）registers：

    "registers":{ 
            "ledger":"jxRZMzMSPVEMJ9wE4yqKEwQqVS3KZfDewHLYCC9aeqdig68Trco", "pending_coinbase_stack":null, "local_state":{ 
            "parties":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "call_stack":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "transaction_commitment":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "full_transaction_commitment":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", "token_id":"wSHV2S4qX9jFsLjQo8r1BsMLH2ZRKsZx6EJd1sbozGPieEC4Jf", "excess":"0", "ledger":"jw6bz2wud1N6itRUHZ5ypo3267stk4UgzkiuWtAMPRZo9g4Udyd", "success":true, "failure_status_tbl":[ ] } }, 

    • 2.2.4）timestamp：
  • 2.3）consensus_state：共识相关state
    • 2.3.1）blockchain_length：区块高度
    • 2.3.2）epoch_count：epoch number
    • 2.3.3）min_window_density：当前链观察到的最小windows density
    • 2.3.4）sub_window_densities：当前sliding window of densities
    • 2.3.5）last_vrf_output：leader输出的额外VRF output（用于seeding Random Oracle）
    • 2.3.6）total_currency：currency的总供应量
    • 2.3.7）curr_global_slot：包含了slot_number和slots_per_epoch（如7140）。当前global slot number relative to the current hard fork。
    • 2.3.8）global_slot_since_genesis：absolute global slot number since genesis。
    • 2.3.9）staking_epoch_data：epoch data for previous epoch。

    讯享网 "staking_epoch_data":{ 
            "ledger":{ 
            "hash":"jxRZMzMSPVEMJ9wE4yqKEwQqVS3KZfDewHLYCC9aeqdig68Trco", "total_currency":"000" }, "seed":"2va9BGv9JrLTtrzZttiEMDYw1Zj6a6EHzXjmP9evHDTG3oEquURA", "start_checkpoint":"3NK2tkzK5spR2sZ7tujjqPksL45M3UUrcA4WhCkeiPtnugyE2x", "lock_checkpoint":"3NK2tkzK5spR2sZ7tujjqPksL45M3UUrcA4WhCkeiPtnugyE2x", "epoch_length":"1" }, 

    • 2.3.10）next_epoch_data：epoch data for current epoch。

     "next_epoch_data":{ 
            "ledger":{ 
            "hash":"jxRZMzMSPVEMJ9wE4yqKEwQqVS3KZfDewHLYCC9aeqdig68Trco", "total_currency":"000" }, "seed":"2vaHfBaUHKS7GYG6VpEp4Kn6Xjhc35wrDExNiZkwVj5aC95jvyk8", "start_checkpoint":"3NK2tkzK5spR2sZ7tujjqPksL45M3UUrcA4WhCkeiPtnugyE2x", "lock_checkpoint":"3NLqscU3JrErHUiBs4ipxqvn49uiwC2FdzfPCg61huBMXcDXNRvq", "epoch_length":"3" }, 

    • 2.3.11）has_ancestor_in_same_checkpoint_window：true
    • 2.3.12）block_stake_winner：winning account的压缩公钥。
    • 2.3.13）block_creator：产块者的压缩公钥。
    • 2.3.14）coinbase_receiver：接收block reward账号的压缩公钥。
    • 2.3.15）supercharge_coinbase：true if block_stake_winner has no locked tokens，false otherwise。
  • 2.4）constants：为共识相关参数。

  讯享网 "constants":{ 
        "k":"290", "slots_per_epoch":"7140", "slots_per_sub_window":"7", "delta":"0", "genesis_state_timestamp":"00" } 

5.2 protocol state proof

protocol state proof为a blockchain proof，用于证明产块者新生成的protocol state是正确的。由于采用了recursive SNARKs，该protocol state proof证明了the entire history of the chain is valid。

"protocol_state_proof":"AgICAgEBAQEBAgEB_B-KzzaRoZB_AfziFjdF7mUfuwABAfyFDB6cUSv0kQH8bK7ooDD12xcAAQH8kABnVET_5A0B_ITVaxc-e-maAAIBAfzAvmsJpz8YJwH8DGKC8G-OV_0AAQCdCffOVUZW4gI_IpwEhZc-V2_3Eo1FkGiWw61W-xkgAQEArQvbebLxb00UJ-Da_nDAYxD6Rga5PrRCglOPg9oo8T8CAQH81fM6kgZ4sQEB_Ayp3waPKGt3AAEBAQIBAfy5KqdWtHBzrQH8_J7x1SP5TzYAAQIBAfwAfC-OYhyHWQH8h8wmonP2x5wAAQIBAfyv8raeHYJUIwH8fvV99tFrudUAAQIBAfz2hpCg0Pd7FAH8aCokQM5iXmIAAQIBAfwOrVYyYxvGrwH8--EfoRBygAkAAQIBAfyRQazKvh5Y-QH8psm3PpnVHlcAAQIBAfy9w2TNo1BOqgH8aMX-wQrnFNgAAQIBAfxt3l6C36wdsgH8pQfbxReiCP4AAQIBAfx_qubp1g9OggH8LH-5Tpg69vwAAQIBAfzKBBtxK4gxwwH8KSautsesOZEAAQIBAfzvUYH9R48P3AH8h5U7xEN6qQAAAQIBAfy_MobRHtg4YAH8qwWqonC8s_kAAQIBAfxaR6_l4NJ1lAH89tLDrgKny9EAAQIBAfwEfC359g94vgH8VOL7MpFYPeEAAQIBAfwTdTG4ErdwxgH8CD5ImjPMdRYAAQIBAfzRuMqxorDBSAH8zrFxwOMEZhsAAAEAAQEBAAEAAQABAAABYplUSRXwm-fBeRFELSVIQFO0WQXbn0FWMGH9fbwy0w-s11KF98GiT8ex5uJ8PBY6Vaax5zY5Ax0E66VeUAQFFgECAQEBAgEB_G-_5qzJs4IzAfxjGHb5WEOXeQABAgEB_JeHiOkGKzrdAfzHoUQpQOZ63QABAgEB_MufnPQw5ejGAfzdnKDNZbvdBwABAgEB_BMaaYeiWSxTAfx7b2UqsLwhqQABAgEB_IsHEI-xd5ziAfzuDGvfAF9c-AABAgEB_IecsActp70dAfygJl_p4pcbTQABAgEB_BFfgFZ8dHWcAfzo8c76aWP-oQABAgEB_E1g6dvfiitcAfyb9xDyjHGMWgABAgEB_Ehr4FFcs8AiAfztbalAc4uIpgABAgEB_G5kdl611weQAfwSjk7bOYvGwQABAgEB_MkrPzde40VEAfzlzYz8FcdAnQABAgEB_E6qvEuEgphCAfy8t6_Q1yeplwABAgEB_Hdu_f9bPcqZAfyUQlwVVWrm7wABAgEB_FSZlyFxsn1LAfxAyJNh4KIflQABAgEB_LNHB7K-zNEsAfwdAmTyPN7RWwAAAgEBAQIBAfxvv-asybOCMwH8Yxh2-VhDl3kAAQIBAfyXh4jpBis63QH8x6FEKUDmet0AAQIBAfzLn5z0MOXoxgH83ZygzWW73QcAAQIBAfwTGmmHolksUwH8e29lKrC8IakAAQIBAfyLBxCPsXec4gH87gxr3wBfXPgAAQIBAfyHnLAHLae9HQH8oCZf6eKXG00AAQIBAfwRX4BWfHR1nAH86PHO-mlj_qEAAQIBAfxNYOnb34orXAH8m_cQ8oxxjFoAAQIBAfxIa-BRXLPAIgH87W2pQHOLiKYAAQIBAfxuZHZetdcHkAH8Eo5O2zmLxsEAAQIBAfzJKz83XuNFRAH85c2M_BXHQJ0AAQIBAfxOqrxLhIKYQgH8vLev0NcnqZcAAQIBAfx3bv3_Wz3KmQH8lEJcFVVq5u8AAQIBAfxUmZchcbJ9SwH8QMiTYeCiH5UAAQIBAfyzRweyvszRLAH8HQJk8jze0VsAAAABAAECSLU26EZUpV9P_f_99ZG9nTyhcEvO8FylncJkSN7f0xFrGixE3SHHzVlV7xnD86u4Qg4beuUXFN7XioRNIgf1BUi1NuhGVKVfT_3__fWRvZ08oXBLzvBcpZ3CZEje39MRaxosRN0hx81ZVe8Zw_OruEIOG3rlFxTe14qETSIH9QUBAgEBAQIBAfy5KqdWtHBzrQH8_J7x1SP5TzYAAQIBAfwAfC-OYhyHWQH8h8wmonP2x5wAAQIBAfyv8raeHYJUIwH8fvV99tFrudUAAQIBAfz2hpCg0Pd7FAH8aCokQM5iXmIAAQIBAfwOrVYyYxvGrwH8--EfoRBygAkAAQIBAfyRQazKvh5Y-QH8psm3PpnVHlcAAQIBAfy9w2TNo1BOqgH8aMX-wQrnFNgAAQIBAfxt3l6C36wdsgH8pQfbxReiCP4AAQIBAfx_qubp1g9OggH8LH-5Tpg69vwAAQIBAfzKBBtxK4gxwwH8KSautsesOZEAAQIBAfzvUYH9R48P3AH8h5U7xEN6qQAAAQIBAfy_MobRHtg4YAH8qwWqonC8s_kAAQIBAfxaR6_l4NJ1lAH89tLDrgKny9EAAQIBAfwEfC359g94vgH8VOL7MpFYPeEAAQIBAfwTdTG4ErdwxgH8CD5ImjPMdRYAAQIBAfzRuMqxorDBSAH8zrFxwOMEZhsAAAEBAQIBAfy5KqdWtHBzrQH8_J7x1SP5TzYAAQIBAfwAfC-OYhyHWQH8h8wmonP2x5wAAQIBAfyv8raeHYJUIwH8fvV99tFrudUAAQIBAfz2hpCg0Pd7FAH8aCokQM5iXmIAAQIBAfwOrVYyYxvGrwH8--EfoRBygAkAAQIBAfyRQazKvh5Y-QH8psm3PpnVHlcAAQIBAfy9w2TNo1BOqgH8aMX-wQrnFNgAAQIBAfxt3l6C36wdsgH8pQfbxReiCP4AAQIBAfx_qubp1g9OggH8LH-5Tpg69vwAAQIBAfzKBBtxK4gxwwH8KSautsesOZEAAQIBAfzvUYH9R48P3AH8h5U7xEN6qQAAAQIBAfy_MobRHtg4YAH8qwWqonC8s_kAAQIBAfxaR6_l4NJ1lAH89tLDrgKny9EAAQIBAfwEfC359g94vgH8VOL7MpFYPeEAAQIBAfwTdTG4ErdwxgH8CD5ImjPMdRYAAQIBAfzRuMqxorDBSAH8zrFxwOMEZhsAAAEBldFiLMCn8tuKmdgVZTTVcgeq87vGpaahoxXNkkJogh8CAQFS0reBvhwwDB3LQCBfYCQHWpkLPtZAaF6khi9l6UbpGgE2iY4ANf6-Fu6V2JAx31oQ1WHZmK7QZi9deLsMF8vYDAFxI5ougXdG8pcPqt7xrkNRXIrf_CCxbxlGt8LnQLK-MgEhErp_10lnQVY7lIh4YSpf6hH-4X9Iu7ALrs9733jkIwHu3CQpAe6rrMu2XSVx_8Jo__W7ZvdUJaWnt1n_4rMoDwF7DTz4lANzls8z1DLGEf_TNvmGWkqP0h9NuNNHbmBoOwFdyzC-_PLz2ZYuTi5MogrWTHpyxzBwlHIaR1F3n8oiIwHEbrA7kGr-BD0iUMbnHPhQd3bBvCJGInmA_EJ3BP4qBQEKzCtv_aYC-uIHNevghsaQ__iLWwvw3e2xnwM6vm3wJgE3jMlSF-_fiEjkbNvvN-xMoO8jqbkknuJIHbkZU5CCCwHhXODBNtpjzl85oYYtmwUEuH7GswTgiAeZfYZLKuXnAwENViE30_FxaxBbMuOMCBvP-iB4vqKIjSdvNUlKRR2ZMAG7wdpIm816ZRuiURpesbuExUAOd4IrVVru3_BarFqZGAFXzb1Ke2lZRwF_8Qw00e8J5Amy1Wvmx1y8wnSsHygTCwHmfEbSm7zz9JhzAnA_Y4w2DABjmIxM_PL6LQTr-clhAgABNlHjmG9eJIVz0Ve5jYQc2V0JvszkBkoIUSv_aTiBXxEBAZEX0e1FG4nLu0N1MdJAwLVGatZRH80ZvgAavPRhtH4LAWzDZw_sx8tADUbsx48_IAegzqJeOsx2MGnefDFL978sAaVjyZXx_4_H6qAbE7LBbfTVNkKhm6hvB87h7e_7Mi0eAYufcqSsyzfhQRuUKlx5vve_FbZ0pLK6rqGtIzUneBUWAXk9UdPO_qT3Q8huliwKwxfrfgLBkggUaAmWfSgEkF47AfmmornJCka3Q5CjMhj1N81hV-5tGmy7m3lybjlyn7s5AAEADEZptNyvuzC6VEKWLA41KBizlxVqpZwAfh8q-Ym5OAFAX7cR6un8p4h12422YYnFbUJv6gaPKCb-XLCwr-BqDgEOUBnvWVt5b4cu2uh03z5r0elEJK7Xuk16xf5a4iUkFQIBAc7OkkrxKJsib7tsvvgJuUQiqdkfB4KtoNh-_IPQGbkbAUpO6djO835wTVeDbivULGlkZuJxl-Fm5aSsh69vF6kkAd5-V-0CNe0TFe58dlgv6F7xNBBXGnU3vNe9ORnyZuweAX6owPslflEY5UjZx9WfWFjKFTufeFBiMT0lDiTiAykUAZ1TyFvbyLn4lf088oVAmt4k0HfGsfuIS-jtA6YJIHoVAZmE3lrTCRxSP5DbZ5JSazaz0JNr2oqoqoIRJ0jhqvstAdI9RFVcVpMkBn2CgXYypLSL4xQmcQGgmHMZcnXQKE8FAY0e-OJKzzXmj0BEgDJDUukhZFvDVLBWROe9TrOoDp0TAa2xr8-v_nVpZWtU1c4598EaVZWPY_Qy77qaqWM04_ATAQ0Z7brLnPArv1wcEFPUIkeVJoVQOMBydyoKlw86VNUlAYmscFLDb1Com80GC6Z_qURt_rC22Ap072F91K9mzCA5AaxdEFXm3IXmls3i5M1Y5BF1VmIt5hbASzQn689OeSE5AaLgVMZbkUsuzKOpuqM1oNalAZz7sZzgc-rVLh8Plj8wAd5kv_MWM4OvImh3TSn5c4JlaSWjhG4I0bnb_YEHCVAIARp5ySBnrzqT4447erVR7TDLJZi-PVMa_LMWH_RkUnkMAAHDGB2H0KtKmc7IhbPU3lGwvKMrMG6-zo3KGocrwO_EHQEBKIjCcWS5CzQal6iCxUVPWGio1oeWs_GO9UKA7j-WKDoBz-b1_MdSOT3L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

5.3 staged ledger diff

当产块者赢得了一个slot来产块时，他会从transaction pool中选择交易并从snark pool中选择任意snark work；他会创建the proposed next state of the blockchain，其中包括创建a diff of the staged ledger。a diff中包括：

• 1）该区块中所包含的交易；
• 2）由snark workders为之前添加的交易生成的SNARK proofs list；
• 3）Pending coinbase

可将staged ledger看成是a pending accounts database that has transactions(payments, coinbase, and proof fee payments) applied for which there are no SNARKs available yet。

staged ledger中包含了：

• 1）account state (ledger)
• 2）a transaction queue for transactions without SNARK proof（即为scan state）

其中nonce值会逐笔交易递增。

讯享网 "staged_ledger_diff":{ 
    "diff": [ { 
    "completed_works":[ ], "commands":[ { 
    "data":[ "Signed_command", { 
    "payload":{ 
    "common":{ 
    "fee":"0.1", "fee_payer_pk":"B62qiy32p8kAKnny8ZFwoMhYpBppM1DWVCqAPBYNcXnsAHhnfAAuXgg", "nonce":"0", "valid_until":"", "memo":"E4YM2vTHhWEg66xpj52JErHUBU4pZ1yageL4TVDDpTTSsv8mK6YaH" }, "body":[ "Payment", { 
    "source_pk":"B62qiy32p8kAKnny8ZFwoMhYpBppM1DWVCqAPBYNcXnsAHhnfAAuXgg", "receiver_pk":"B62qiy32p8kAKnny8ZFwoMhYpBppM1DWVCqAPBYNcXnsAHhnfAAuXgg", "amount":"0" } ] }, "signer":"B62qiy32p8kAKnny8ZFwoMhYpBppM1DWVCqAPBYNcXnsAHhnfAAuXgg", "signature":"7mX9wRyDEq5SXYSWLCaCAVza4wQy2JBsZXL2SjQiG6mYbZmTj6rvTp77GDQadrHGYHDtaRTWSWLAQ8d7jKnPERAWQxVUg5AM" } ], "status":[ "Applied", { 
    "fee_payer_account_creation_fee_paid":null, "receiver_account_creation_fee_paid":null }, { 
    "fee_payer_balance":"000", "source_balance":"000", "receiver_balance":"000" } ] }, ............ ] }, null ] } 

5.4 Delta transition chain proof

在网络周围广播或gossip新生成的区块以应对不利的网络条件时，存在允许的网络延迟。delta transition chain proof 证明了该区块是在分配的 slot time 内生成的。

参考资料

[1] Mina官网
[2] 【链向测评】Coda：看起来很美的轻量级公链
[3] Consensus on the Mina Blockchain
[4] Mina常问问题列表
[5] Mina Protocol Architecture
[6] Ouroboros Samasika Consensus
[7] Block structure
[8] What’s in a Block
[9] Mina rfc 0041-infra-testnet-persistence.md