https://github.com/dalek-cryptography/curve25519-dalek

1. Scalar结构

针对p<2²⁵⁵的域filed，采用scalar以little-endian的数组形式来表示：【对于Curve25519，其p值为 2²⁵⁵ - 19】

/// The `Scalar` struct holds an integer \\(s < 2\^{255} \\) which /// represents an element of \\(\mathbb Z / \ell\\). #[derive(Copy, Clone)] pub struct Scalar { /// `bytes` is a little-endian byte encoding of an integer representing a scalar modulo the /// group order. /// /// # Invariant /// /// The integer representing this scalar must be bounded above by \\(2\^{255}\\), or /// equivalently the high bit of `bytes[31]` must be zero. /// /// This ensures that there is room for a carry bit when computing a NAF representation. // // XXX This is pub(crate) so we can write literal constants. If const fns were stable, we could // make the Scalar constructors const fns and use those instead. pub(crate) bytes: [u8; 32], } 

Scalar类型中的bytes成员定义为pub(crate)，表示该成员可在本crate内public可见，但对除本crate外的其它crates中不可见。

讯享网sage: hex(2143 ....: ) '4f2d979a8f449d44442cc1b1085adc21b64b5d34b45a4e' sage: len('4f2d979a8f449d44442cc1b1085adc21b64b5d34b45a4e' ....: ) 63 //对应的 the high bit of `bytes[31]` must be zero. 

/// // x =  /// let X: Scalar = Scalar::from_bytes_mod_order([ /// 0x4e, 0x5a, 0xb4, 0x34, 0x5d, 0x47, 0x08, 0x84, /// 0x59, 0x13, 0xb4, 0x64, 0x1b, 0xc2, 0x7d, 0x52, /// 0x52, 0xa5, 0x85, 0x10, 0x1b, 0xcc, 0x42, 0x44, /// 0xd4, 0x49, 0xf4, 0xa8, 0x79, 0xd9, 0xf2, 0x04, /// ]); 

2. UnpackedScalar结构

程序中默认采用的是u64_backend feature
UnpackedScalar用于代表GF(l)域，其中l=2^252 + 48493

讯享网/// An `UnpackedScalar` represents an element of the field GF(l), optimized for speed. /// /// This is a type alias for one of the scalar types in the `backend` /// module. #[cfg(feature = "u64_backend")] type UnpackedScalar = backend::serial::u64::scalar::Scalar52; /// An `UnpackedScalar` represents an element of the field GF(l), optimized for speed. /// /// This is a type alias for one of the scalar types in the `backend` /// module. #[cfg(feature = "u32_backend")] type UnpackedScalar = backend::serial::u32::scalar::Scalar29; 

参照libsnark中的格式const mp_size_t alt_bn128_r_limbs = (alt_bn128_r_bitcount+GMP_NUMB_BITS-1)/GMP_NUMB_BITS;，即bitcount=255：

• 对于64位系统，数组大小的计算公式为n=roundup[(bitcount+64-1)/64]=5，为了减少计算复杂度（无需考虑所有64位，仅需关注libm位的计算操作），libm仅需用满足libm*n略大于等于bitcount，此时libm本可以取值51（51*5=255），但考虑到Montgomery multiplication reduce的需要，libm取值52。
• 对于32位系统，数组大小的计算公式为n=roundup[(bitcount+32-1)/32]=9，同理此时libm取值29。

/// The `Scalar52` struct represents an element in /// \\(\mathbb Z / \ell \mathbb Z\\) as 5 \\(52\\)-bit limbs. #[derive(Copy,Clone)] pub struct Scalar52(pub [u64; 5]); 

3. Scalar与UnpackedScalar转换

讯享网 /// let inv_X: Scalar = X.invert(); /// assert!(XINV == inv_X); /// let should_be_one: Scalar = &inv_X * &X; /// assert!(should_be_one == Scalar::one()); /// ``` pub fn invert(&self) -> Scalar { self.unpack().invert().pack() } /// Unpack this `Scalar` to an `UnpackedScalar` for faster arithmetic. pub(crate) fn unpack(&self) -> UnpackedScalar { UnpackedScalar::from_bytes(&self.bytes) } 

3.1 Scalar转换为UnpackedScalar

Scalar转换为UnpackedScalar的代码细节为：

 /// Unpack a 32 byte / 256 bit scalar into 5 52-bit limbs. pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8; 32]) -> Scalar52 { let mut words = [0u64; 4]; for i in 0..4 { for j in 0..8 { words[i] |= (bytes[(i * 8) + j] as u64) << (j * 8); } } let mask = (1u64 << 52) - 1; //仅取52bit let top_mask = (1u64 << 48) - 1; //仅取48bit let mut s = Scalar52::zero(); // 一共仅保留256bit，words数组中是将scalar值按64bit为单位分别存储 // 以下是要以52bit单位分别存储到s数组中，需要对words中的内容进行移位及mask处理，s数组内一共存储256bit有效位数。 s[ 0] = words[0] & mask; s[ 1] = ((words[0] >> 52) | (words[1] << 12)) & mask; s[ 2] = ((words[1] >> 40) | (words[2] << 24)) & mask; s[ 3] = ((words[2] >> 28) | (words[3] << 36)) & mask; s[ 4] = (words[3] >> 16) & top_mask; s } 

3.2 invert()操作

有限域内的乘法具有以下特征：

讯享网

x^(p-2) * x = x^(p-1) = 1 (mod p)

由此可推测出，求有限域的x值的倒数可转换为求x^(p-2)的值。

程序中，对Scalar值求倒数，是先通过unpack()函数将Scalar转换为UnpackedScalar，然后对UnpackedScalar求倒数，最后通过pack()函数将UnpackedScalar转换为Scalar值。

讯享网impl Scalar { /// let inv_X: Scalar = X.invert(); /// assert!(XINV == inv_X); /// let should_be_one: Scalar = &inv_X * &X; /// assert!(should_be_one == Scalar::one()); /// ``` pub fn invert(&self) -> Scalar { self.unpack().invert().pack() } /// Unpack this `Scalar` to an `UnpackedScalar` for faster arithmetic. pub(crate) fn unpack(&self) -> UnpackedScalar { UnpackedScalar::from_bytes(&self.bytes) } } impl UnpackedScalar { /// Inverts an UnpackedScalar not in Montgomery form. pub fn invert(&self) -> UnpackedScalar { self.to_montgomery().montgomery_invert().from_montgomery() } /// Pack the limbs of this `UnpackedScalar` into a `Scalar`. fn pack(&self) -> Scalar { Scalar{ bytes: self.to_bytes() } } } 

对于u64_backend feature, 有 type UnpackedScalar = backend::serial::u64::scalar::Scalar52;，所以对于
to_montgomery()的具体实现如下：

impl Scalar52 { /// Puts a Scalar52 in to Montgomery form, i.e. computes `a*R (mod l)` #[inline(never)] pub fn to_montgomery(&self) -> Scalar52 { Scalar52::montgomery_mul(self, &constants::RR) //将数组中52*5=260，260bit所有位数都用上。pub struct Scalar52(pub [u64; 5]); } /// Compute `(a * b) / R` (mod l), where R is the Montgomery modulus 2^260 #[inline(never)] pub fn montgomery_mul(a: &Scalar52, b: &Scalar52) -> Scalar52 { Scalar52::montgomery_reduce(&Scalar52::mul_internal(a, b)) } /// Compute `a * b` #[inline(always)] pub (crate) fn mul_internal(a: &Scalar52, b: &Scalar52) -> [u128; 9] { let mut z = [0u128; 9]; z[0] = m(a[0],b[0]); z[1] = m(a[0],b[1]) + m(a[1],b[0]); z[2] = m(a[0],b[2]) + m(a[1],b[1]) + m(a[2],b[0]); z[3] = m(a[0],b[3]) + m(a[1],b[2]) + m(a[2],b[1]) + m(a[3],b[0]); z[4] = m(a[0],b[4]) + m(a[1],b[3]) + m(a[2],b[2]) + m(a[3],b[1]) + m(a[4],b[0]); z[5] = m(a[1],b[4]) + m(a[2],b[3]) + m(a[3],b[2]) + m(a[4],b[1]); z[6] = m(a[2],b[4]) + m(a[3],b[3]) + m(a[4],b[2]); z[7] = m(a[3],b[4]) + m(a[4],b[3]); z[8] = m(a[4],b[4]); z } /// u64 * u64 = u128 multiply helper #[inline(always)] fn m(x: u64, y: u64) -> u128 { (x as u128) * (y as u128) } /// Compute `limbs/R` (mod l), where R is the Montgomery modulus 2^260 #[inline(always)] pub (crate) fn montgomery_reduce(limbs: &[u128; 9]) -> Scalar52 { #[inline(always)] fn part1(sum: u128) -> (u128, u64) { let p = (sum as u64).wrapping_mul(constants::LFACTOR) & ((1u64 << 52) - 1); ((sum + m(p,constants::L[0])) >> 52, p) } #[inline(always)] fn part2(sum: u128) -> (u128, u64) { let w = (sum as u64) & ((1u64 << 52) - 1); (sum >> 52, w) } // note: l3 is zero, so its multiplies can be skipped let l = &constants::L; // the first half computes the Montgomery adjustment factor n, and begins adding n*l to make limbs divisible by R let (carry, n0) = part1( limbs[0]); let (carry, n1) = part1(carry + limbs[1] + m(n0,l[1])); let (carry, n2) = part1(carry + limbs[2] + m(n0,l[2]) + m(n1,l[1])); let (carry, n3) = part1(carry + limbs[3] + m(n1,l[2]) + m(n2,l[1])); let (carry, n4) = part1(carry + limbs[4] + m(n0,l[4]) + m(n2,l[2]) + m(n3,l[1])); // limbs is divisible by R now, so we can divide by R by simply storing the upper half as the result let (carry, r0) = part2(carry + limbs[5] + m(n1,l[4]) + m(n3,l[2]) + m(n4,l[1])); let (carry, r1) = part2(carry + limbs[6] + m(n2,l[4]) + m(n4,l[2])); let (carry, r2) = part2(carry + limbs[7] + m(n3,l[4]) ); let (carry, r3) = part2(carry + limbs[8] + m(n4,l[4])); let r4 = carry as u64; // result may be >= l, so attempt to subtract l Scalar52::sub(&Scalar52([r0,r1,r2,r3,r4]), l) } } 

4. constant.rs中常量值sage验证

讯享网/// constant.rs中有记录一些常量值。 /// `L` is the order of base point, i.e. 2^252 + 48493 pub(crate) const L: Scalar52 = Scalar52([ 0x0002631a5cf5d3ed, 0x000dea2f79cd6581, 0x000000000014def9, 0x0000000000000000, 0x00000 ]); /// 其实即为L[0]*LFACTOR = -1 (mod 2^52) = 2^52-1 (mod 2^52) /// (L[i]<<52)*LFACTOR = 0 (mod 2^52) 其中 1 =< i <= 4 /// `L` * `LFACTOR` = -1 (mod 2^52) pub(crate) const LFACTOR: u64 = 0x51dae1b; /// `R` = R % L where R = 2^260 pub(crate) const R: Scalar52 = Scalar52([ 0x000f48bd6721e6ed, 0x0003bab5ac67e45a, 0x000fffffeb35e51b, 0x000fffffffffffff, 0x00000fffffffffff ]); /// `RR` = (R^2) % L where R = 2^260 pub(crate) const RR: Scalar52 = Scalar52([ 0x0009d265e952d13b, 0x000d63c715bea69f, 0x0005be65cb, 0x0003dceec73d217f, 0x000009411b7c309a ]); 

对应的sage验证为：

sage: 2^252 + 48493 00 sage: is_prime(00 ....: ) True sage: hex(0054 ....: ) '00000000000000000000014def9dea2f79cda5cf5d3ed' //即pub(crate) const L: Scalar52为数组内每个元素只截取13个数字（52bit），按little-endian方式存储。 sage: L=2^252 + 48493 sage: LFACTOR=0x51dae1b sage: LFACTOR 55227 sage: mod(L*LFACTOR, 2^52) //即`L` * `LFACTOR` = -1 (mod 2^52) 70495 sage: 2^52 70496 sage: R=2^260 sage: mod(R,L) 0 sage: hex(0240 ....: ) 'fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffeb35e51b3bab5ac67e45af48bd6721e6ed' //即pub(crate) const R: Scalar52为数组内每个元素只截取13个数字（52bit），按little-endian方式存储。 sage: mod(R^2, L)  sage: hex(6550 ....: ) '9411b7c309a3dceec73d217f5be65cbd63c715bea69f9d265e952d13b' sage: sage: gcd(L,R) //符合Montgomery reduction定义的条件。可参见https://blog.csdn.net/mutourend/article/details/ 第2.4.1节内容 1 

5. 生成程序帮助文档

以///或//!格式表示的注释，在以cargo doc命令运行会在target/doc目录下生成相应的.html帮助文档。