1、管道符
管道符的符号：|
管道符的作用：是用于两个命令或者多个命令相链接，将前边的命令的执行结果传递到后边的命令
例如：
#查看home目录里的所有的文件
[root@localhost /]# ls -al /home
#统计home里一共有多少文件
[root@localhost /]# ls -al /home | wc -l
#查看当前系统登录用户的数量
[root@localhost home]# who | wc -l
案例2：结合grep命令使用管道符
#获取ip地址在哪一行
[root@localhost home]# ifconfig ens33 | grep netmask
#显示passwd中以root为开头的行
方法一：[root@localhost home]# cat /etc/passwd | grep "^root"
方法二：[root@localhost home]# grep "^root" /etc/passwd
ps命令：
ps的作用：显示当前系统的进程信息
[root@localhost home]# ps aux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.5 5028 ? Ss 02:21 0:06 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --syste
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:02 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 7 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [migration/0]
root 8 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [rcu_bh]
root 9 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? R 02:21 0:03 [rcu_sched]
root 10 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [lru-add-drain]
root 11 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [watchdog/0]
root 13 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [kdevtmpfs]
root 14 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [netns]
root 15 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [khungtaskd]
root 16 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [writeback]
root 17 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kintegrityd]
root 18 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [bioset]
root 19 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [bioset]
root 20 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [bioset]
root 21 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kblockd]
root 22 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [md]
root 23 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [edac-poller]
root 24 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [watchdogd]
root 30 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:03 [kswapd0]
root 31 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 02:21 0:00 [ksmd]
root 32 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 02:21 0:00 [khugepaged]
root 33 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [crypto]
root 41 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kthrotld]
root 43 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kmpath_rdacd]
root 44 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kaluad]
root 45 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kpsmoused]
root 47 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [ipv6_addrconf]
root 60 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [deferwq]
root 97 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [kauditd]
root 278 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [mpt_poll_0]
root 279 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [mpt/0]
root 280 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [nfit]
root 281 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [ata_sff]
root 284 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [scsi_eh_0]
root 285 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [scsi_tmf_0]
root 290 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [scsi_eh_1]
root 291 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [scsi_tmf_1]
root 293 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [scsi_eh_2]
root 294 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [scsi_tmf_2]
root 301 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [irq/16-vmwgfx]
root 302 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [ttm_swap]
root 373 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kdmflush]
root 374 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [bioset]
root 383 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kdmflush]
root 384 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [bioset]
root 397 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [bioset]
root 398 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfsalloc]
root 399 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs_mru_cache]
root 400 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-buf/dm-0]
root 401 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-data/dm-0]
root 402 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-conv/dm-0]
root 403 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-cil/dm-0]
root 404 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-reclaim/dm-]
root 405 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-log/dm-0]
root 406 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-eofblocks/d]
root 407 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:35 [xfsaild/dm-0]
root 408 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kworker/0:1H]
root 490 0.0 0.4 37816 4044 ? Ss 02:21 0:01 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
root 514 0.0 0.0 676 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/lvmetad -f
root 530 0.0 0.1 49292 1896 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
root 567 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-buf/sda1]
root 569 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-data/sda1]
root 570 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-conv/sda1]
root 571 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-cil/sda1]
root 572 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-reclaim/sda]
root 573 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-log/sda1]
root 575 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-eofblocks/s]
root 579 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [xfsaild/sda1]
root 589 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [kdmflush]
root 590 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [bioset]
root 649 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-buf/dm-2]
root 650 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-data/dm-2]
root 651 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-conv/dm-2]
root 652 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-cil/dm-2]
root 653 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-reclaim/dm-]
root 654 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-log/dm-2]
root 655 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xfs-eofblocks/d]
root 656 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 02:21 0:00 [xfsaild/dm-2]
root 689 0.0 0.0 55532 564 ? S<sl 02:21 0:00 /sbin/auditd
root 691 0.0 0.0 84556 792 ? S<sl 02:21 0:00 /sbin/audispd
root 693 0.0 0.0 55624 988 ? S< 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/sedispatch
root 695 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [rpciod]
root 696 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:21 0:00 [xprtiod]
root 717 0.0 0.4 4480 ? Ssl 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/ModemManager
root 718 0.0 0.5 5640 ? Ssl 02:21 0:00 /usr/libexec/udisks2/udisksd
root 722 0.0 0.3 2988 ? Ssl 02:21 0:00 /usr/libexec/accounts-daemon
root 724 0.0 0.1 26440 1496 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
polkitd 725 0.0 0.7 7216 ? Ssl 02:21 0:01 /usr/lib/polkit-1/polkitd --no-debug
root 728 0.0 0.0 52792 972 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/smartd -n -q never
avahi 731 0.0 0.1 62264 1524 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 avahi-daemon: running [linux.local]
rtkit 733 0.0 0.1 1096 ? SNsl 02:21 0:00 /usr/libexec/rtkit-daemon
root 734 0.0 0.0 680 ? Ssl 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/gssproxy -D
root 740 0.0 0.1 57612 1648 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/libexec/bluetooth/bluetoothd
root 744 0.0 0.1 1648 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/abrtd -d -s
root 745 0.0 0.1 1660 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/bin/abrt-watch-log -F BUG: WARNING: at WARN
dbus 753 0.0 0.3 70968 3572 ? Ssl 02:21 0:03 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd:
avahi 756 0.0 0.0 62140 40 ? S 02:21 0:00 avahi-daemon: chroot helper
root 775 0.0 0.0 16900 668 ? SNs 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/alsactl -s -n 19 -c -E ALSA_CONFIG_PAT
libstor+ 778 0.0 0.0 8580 568 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/bin/lsmd -d
root 781 0.0 0.1 1108 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/bin/VGAuthService -s
root 783 0.2 0.2 2752 ? Ssl 02:21 1:39 /usr/bin/vmtoolsd
root 784 0.0 0.1 1580 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/bin/abrt-watch-log -F Backtrace /var/log/Xo
root 790 0.0 0.0 90568 888 ? Ss 02:21 0:03 /sbin/rngd -f
chrony 799 0.0 0.1 1168 ? S 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/chronyd
rpc 803 0.0 0.0 69256 428 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /sbin/rpcbind -w
root 814 0.0 0.8 8072 ? Ssl 02:21 0:01 /usr/bin/python2 -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofor
root 822 0.0 0.0 864 ? S 02:21 0:01 /bin/bash /usr/sbin/ksmtuned
root 899 0.0 0.4 4532 ? Ssl 02:21 0:01 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon
root 1151 0.0 0.1 1812 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/cupsd -f
root 1152 0.0 0.1 1392 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd -D
root 1156 0.0 0.9 9492 ? Ssl 02:21 0:10 /usr/bin/python2 -Es /usr/sbin/tuned -l -P
root 1162 0.0 0.3 3704 ? Ssl 02:21 0:06 /usr/sbin/rsyslogd -n
root 1168 0.0 0.6 6708 ? Ssl 02:21 0:01 /usr/sbin/libvirtd
root 1187 0.0 0.0 25908 552 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/atd -f
root 1189 0.0 0.1 1216 ? Ss 02:21 0:01 /usr/sbin/crond -n
root 1190 0.0 0.5 5160 ? Ssl 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/gdm
root 1252 0.0 3.7 37412 tty1 Ssl+ 02:21 0:10 /usr/bin/X :0 -background none -noreset -audit 4
nobody 1408 0.0 0.0 53876 944 ? S 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/dnsmasq --conf-file=/var/lib/libvirt/d
root 1409 0.0 0.0 53848 384 ? S 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/dnsmasq --conf-file=/var/lib/libvirt/d
root 1464 0.0 0.1 91792 1900 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w
postfix 1483 0.0 0.1 91964 1932 ? S 02:21 0:00 qmgr -l -t unix -u
root 1643 0.0 0.3 3296 ? Ssl 02:21 0:00 /usr/libexec/upowerd
root 1707 0.0 0.3 2996 ? Ssl 02:21 0:00 /usr/libexec/boltd
root 1713 0.0 0.1 78660 1676 ? Ss 02:21 0:00 /usr/sbin/wpa_supplicant -u -f /var/log/wpa_supp
root 1715 0.0 0.8 8676 ? Ssl 02:21 0:01 /usr/libexec/packagekitd
colord 1798 0.0 0.3 3840 ? Ssl 02:21 0:00 /usr/libexec/colord
root 1867 0.0 0.4 4260 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 gdm-session-worker [pam/gdm-password]
root 1880 0.0 0.2 2848 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --daemonize --logi
root 1886 0.0 0.5 5376 ? Ssl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gnome-session-binary --session gnom
root 1895 0.0 0.0 59016 812 ? S 02:22 0:00 dbus-launch --sh-syntax --exit-with-session
root 1896 0.0 0.2 69300 2420 ? Ssl 02:22 0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5 --prin
root 1923 0.0 0.4 4808 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/imsettings-daemon
root 1927 0.0 0.2 2804 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsd
root 1932 0.0 0.2 2156 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsd-fuse /run/user/0/gvfs -f -o b
root 2013 0.0 0.0 72472 776 ? Ss 02:22 0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent /bin/sh -c exec -l /bin/bash
root 2027 0.0 0.4 4632 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/at-spi-bus-launcher
root 2032 0.0 0.1 68392 1856 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --config-file=/usr/share/de
root 2037 0.0 0.3 3076 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/at-spi2-registryd --use-gnome-sessi
root 2064 0.1 15.7 ? Sl 02:22 1:19 /usr/bin/gnome-shell
root 2080 0.0 0.4 4324 ? Sl 02:22 0:01 ibus-daemon --xim --panel disable
root 2084 0.0 0.2 2580 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/ibus-dconf
root 2088 0.0 0.7 7564 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/ibus-x11 --kill-daemon
root 2092 0.0 0.2 2404 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/ibus-portal
root 2100 0.0 0.2 2224 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/xdg-permission-store
root 2104 0.0 0.7 7616 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gnome-shell-calendar-server
root 2113 0.0 0.6 6844 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/evolution-source-registry
root 2121 0.0 0.6 6244 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/mission-control-5
root 2126 0.0 0.3 3600 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-udisks2-volume-monitor
root 2128 0.0 0.9 9072 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/goa-daemon
root 2137 0.0 0.2 2824 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-afc-volume-monitor
root 2144 0.0 0.2 2800 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-gphoto2-volume-monitor
root 2149 0.0 0.2 2696 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-mtp-volume-monitor
root 2155 0.0 0.2 2460 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-goa-volume-monitor
root 2167 0.0 0.4 3992 ? Sl 02:22 0:02 /usr/libexec/goa-identity-service
root 2174 0.0 0.8 8480 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-power
root 2175 0.0 0.3 3568 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-print-notifications
root 2178 0.0 0.2 2520 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-rfkill
root 2181 0.0 0.2 2364 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-screensaver-proxy
root 2186 0.0 0.3 3512 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-sharing
root 2189 0.0 0.3 3060 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-sound
root 2192 0.0 0.8 8208 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-xsettings
root 2197 0.0 0.8 8184 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-wacom
root 2200 0.0 0.2 2972 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-smartcard
root 2202 0.0 0.2 2756 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-account
root 2215 0.0 0.4 4588 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-a11y-settings
root 2217 0.0 0.7 7516 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-clipboard
root 2224 0.0 0.8 8408 ? Sl 02:22 0:11 /usr/libexec/gsd-color
root 2226 0.0 0.4 4240 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-datetime
root 2228 0.0 0.3 3056 ? Sl 02:22 0:02 /usr/libexec/gsd-housekeeping
root 2229 0.0 0.4 4524 ? S<l 02:22 0:04 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --start
root 2233 0.0 0.7 7568 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-keyboard
root 2238 0.0 0.8 8184 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-media-keys
root 2241 0.0 0.2 2492 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-mouse
root 2274 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 02:22 0:00 [krfcommd]
root 2282 0.0 0.4 3992 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-printer
geoclue 2293 0.0 0.3 3492 ? Ssl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/geoclue -t 5
root 2301 0.0 1.5 15652 ? Sl 02:22 0:01 nautilus-desktop --force
root 2310 0.0 0.2 2900 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsd-trash --spawner :1.4 /org/gtk
root 2317 0.0 0.8 8764 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/evolution-calendar-factory
root 2324 0.1 1.0 10272 ? Rl 02:22 1:29 /usr/bin/vmtoolsd -n vmusr
root 2325 0.0 0.2 2440 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gsd-disk-utility-notify
root 2330 0.0 0.4 4888 ? S 02:22 0:00 /usr/bin/seapplet
root 2337 0.0 0.9 9164 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 abrt-applet
root 2339 0.0 3.9 39244 ? Sl 02:22 0:04 /usr/bin/gnome-software --gapplication-service
root 2340 0.0 1.1 10992 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/evolution-calendar-factory-subproce
root 2346 0.0 0.9 9576 ? SNl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/tracker-extract
root 2350 0.0 0.5 5572 ? SNl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/tracker-miner-apps
root 2357 0.0 0.8 8016 ? SNl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/tracker-miner-fs
root 2360 0.0 0.7 7212 ? SNl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/tracker-miner-user-guides
root 2382 0.0 0.2 2284 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/dconf-service
root 2388 0.0 1.0 10616 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/tracker-store
root 2400 0.0 0.6 6644 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/evolution-addressbook-factory
root 2427 0.0 1.1 11036 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/evolution-addressbook-factory-subpr
root 2447 0.0 0.2 2752 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsd-burn --spawner :1.4 /org/gtk/
root 2448 0.0 0.2 2592 ? Sl 02:22 0:00 /usr/libexec/ibus-engine-simple
root 2482 0.0 0.4 4520 ? Ssl 02:22 0:03 /usr/libexec/fwupd/fwupd
root 2662 0.0 0.2 2772 ? Sl 02:28 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsd-metadata
root 3487 0.0 1.9 19676 ? Sl 02:43 0:03 /usr/libexec/gnome-terminal-server
root 3493 0.0 0.0 8536 628 ? S 02:43 0:00 gnome-pty-helper
root 3494 0.0 0.2 1992 pts/0 Ss+ 02:43 0:00 bash
root 8273 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 10:17 0:00 [kworker/u257:0]
root 8274 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 10:17 0:00 [hci0]
root 8275 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 10:17 0:00 [hci0]
root 8277 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 10:17 0:00 [kworker/u257:2]
root 10719 0.0 0.5 5636 ? Ss 13:51 0:03 sshd: root@pts/2
root 10723 0.0 0.3 3228 pts/2 Ss 13:51 0:01 -bash
postfix 11692 0.0 0.4 91896 4072 ? S 15:01 0:00 pickup -l -t unix -u
root 11837 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 15:12 0:01 [kworker/0:2]
root 11932 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 15:20 0:00 [kworker/u256:1]
root 12020 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 15:30 0:00 [kworker/u256:2]
root 12092 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 15:37 0:00 [kworker/0:3]
root 12149 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? R 15:42 0:00 [kworker/0:0]
root 12174 0.0 0.0 352 ? S 15:44 0:00 sleep 60
root 12175 0.0 0.1 1872 pts/2 R+ 15:44 0:00 ps aux
案例4：显示ssh进程的信息
[root@localhost home]# ps aux | grep "ssh"
案例5：显示系统进程的3~5行
方法一：[root@localhost home]# ps aux | head -n5 | tail -3
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