碘基造影剂的干扰
尽管已有一些证据表明造影剂在实验室诊断中可能会产生分析干扰,但在此有必要提及的是,这些化合物造成的问题也可能会影响样本的质量和完整性。这些高密度分子的存在可能会增加血浆或血清的密度,以至于超过凝胶分离剂的密度,从而干扰样本基质与血管中细胞之间屏障的正确形成,使凝胶部分或完全漂浮在血清(或血浆)的顶部。在欧美实验室,有多例促凝凝胶位置异常的病例被报告。
Kaleta 等人发现在冠状动脉造影和经皮介入治疗过程中,接受碘造影剂治疗的患者血清中的凝胶分离剂有两处移到了血清上方;Daves 等人报告了急性心肌梗死血管重建手术中,接受三碘非离子水溶性造影剂治疗的患者血清样本中,凝胶分离剂移到了最上层。Lin 等人报告说,在碘基造影剂存在的情况下,用一种检测方法测量肌钙蛋白 I (TnI) 的结果出现了明显的(正)偏差。Bossuyt 等人首次描述了毛细管电泳对接受血管内放射性不透明制剂患者血清样本的潜在干扰。Arranz-Peña 等人也研究了 12 种不透明造影剂对血清毛细管电泳的影响,方法是在对照血清中加入每种化合物,以达到放射检查栓注后的预期浓度(即 7.5 克/升)。
钆造影剂的干扰
钆造影剂是一种强力螯合剂,因此其干扰的主要机制是其强力螯合作用。Normann 等人在早前的一份报告中研究了钆二胺造影剂对血清钙比色法评估的影响,结果表明,与使用离子选择电极进行定量测定相比,测量结果显示出明显的负偏差。干扰程度也与造影剂的浓度密切相关。
目前大量研究证明:无论钆造影剂的干扰涉及的确切机制是什么(是染料与钆的结合,还是钙与游离造影剂的结合),在钆造影剂存在的情况下,钙的测量可能非常不可靠。因此,在解释使用钆造影剂进行磁共振成像检查的患者的血钙(和其他参数)结果时应特别谨慎。由于这些化合物在肾功能保持良好的患者体内的消除半衰期约为 90 到 100 分钟,实验室检查应推迟到造影剂完全消除之后进行,或在造影前就进行相关实验室检查,因为残留染料的影响是不均匀的,检验结果可能会因稀释效应或对特定实验室检测的不可预测的干扰而产生偏差。另外一个问题是,其中一些化合物可能会干扰初采血管中凝胶屏障的适当形成。虽然可以从凝胶屏障下提取血清或血浆,但采集未受造影剂影响的样本是保障患者安全的更可靠方法。
专利蓝 V (Patent Blue V)的干扰
专利蓝 V 是一种合成的惰性染料,通常在癌症手术中用于识别淋巴结转移。
Darby 和 Broomhead在正常血清样本中添加浓度不断升高的这种化学物质(从 4.9 毫克/升到 22.7 毫克/升),发现甘油三酯生成指数受到线性剂量反应的正干扰,而葡萄糖生成指数受到线性剂量反应的负干扰。不过,在测量钠、钾、尿素、肌酐、胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、γ-谷氨酰基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、镁、肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、淀粉酶、白蛋白、钙和磷酸盐等几种临床化学检验指标时,没有观察到明显的干扰。McTaggart 等人进一步报告了对血清指数的类似影响。目前有报告称,使用不同的有创重症监护仪测量脉搏血氧仪读数和高铁血红蛋白时,也会受到不同程度的干扰。
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